Artur Patek Sketches from the History of Aliyah Bet – Clandestine Jewish Immigration Jagiellonian University Press JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE 1934−1944 Editor in chief Jan Jacek Bruski

Artur Patek
Sketches from the History of Aliyah Bet
– Clandestine Jewish Immigration
Jagiellonian University Press
JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE
1934−1944
Editor in chief
Jan Jacek Bruski
Vol. 1
JAGIELLONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY
JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE
1934−1944
Artur Patek
Sketches from the History of Aliyah Bet
– Clandestine Jewish Immigration
Jagiellonian University Press
Th e publication of this volume was fi nanced by the Jagiellonian University in Krakow –
Faculty of History
REVIEWER
Prof. Tomasz Gąsowski
SERIES COVER LAYOUT
Jan Jacek Bruski
COVER DESIGN
Agnieszka Winciorek
Cover photography: Departure of Jews from Warsaw to Palestine, Railway Station, Warsaw 1937
[Courtesy of National Digital Archives (Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe) in Warsaw]
Th is volume is an English version of a book originally published in Polish by the Avalon, publishing
house in Krakow (Żydzi w drodze do Palestyny 1934–1944. Szkice z dziejów alji bet, nielegalnej
imigracji żydowskiej, Krakow 2009)
Translated from the Polish by Guy Russel Torr and Timothy Williams
© Copyright by Artur Patek & Jagiellonian University Press
First edition, Krakow 2012
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any eletronic,
mechanical, or other means, now know or hereaft er invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers
ISBN 978-83-233-3390-6
ISSN 2299-758X
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5
Contents
Th e most important abbreviations and acronyms ......................................... 7
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 9
Chapter I: “Th e old new country”
1. Context ........................................................................................................... 17
2. Towards “Pax Britannica” ............................................................................. 21
3. Th e Gordian knot .......................................................................................... 23
4. Yishuv .............................................................................................................. 30
5. Polarization .................................................................................................... 32
Chapter II: Illegal or independent immigration?
1. Th e dispute over terminology ...................................................................... 37
2. Without formalised frameworks ................................................................. 38
3. Th e position of the leaders of Yishuv .......................................................... 42
4. Th e fi rst transport .......................................................................................... 44
5. Revisionist Ha’apala ...................................................................................... 46
6. “For Jews the world divides itself into two places...” ................................. 49
7. “Af al pi” .......................................................................................................... 52
8. Th e Polish chapter ......................................................................................... 55
Chapter III: On the eve of war
1. Mossad – “the maritime department of Hagana” ...................................... 65
2. “Th e cooperation of enemies for a common cause” ................................. 72
3. “Immigration today is a question of life or death” .................................... 78
4. Th e intensifi cation of Aliyah Bet ................................................................ 81
5. Great Britain’s position and the Arab voice ................................................ 89
Chapter IV: In the shadow of the “White Paper”
1. Th e reality of wartime ................................................................................... 97
2. Th rough the “green border” ......................................................................... 103
3. From Anders’ Army ...................................................................................... 105
4. “Th e only alternative is to maintain the existing procedures” ................. 108
Chapter V: Th e Atlantic – Mauritius
1. Th e story of the passengers of the Atlantic ............................................... 115
2. Th e Patria .................................................................................................... 118
3. Deportation to Mauritius ............................................................................. 121
4. Five years of exile ........................................................................................... 123
Chapter VI: If the gates to Palestine had been open...
1. Th e Kladovo group ........................................................................................ 131
2. Th e case of the Darien II ............................................................................ 134
3. Catastrophes at sea (the Pencho and the Salvador) ................................... 137
4. Th e tragedy of the Struma ............................................................................ 141
Chapter VII: “Th e sole route to survival”
1. London’s concessions .................................................................................... 153
2. With Romania and Turkey in the background .......................................... 154
3. Th e sinking of the Mefk ura ........................................................................ 161
4. Th e arrival of the USSR ................................................................................. 165
5. In lieu of summing up ................................................................................... 168
Final remarks........................................................................................................... 171
Appendices............................................................................................................... 173
Selected bibliography ............................................................................................. 181
List of tables ............................................................................................................. 207
List of maps .............................................................................................................. 208
Index ......................................................................................................................... 209

9
Introduction
Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine during the British Mandate was one of
the most spectacular enterprises organized by the Jews in the fi rst half of the 20th
century before the creation of the state of Israel. Th e Jews called such immigration
‘Type B’ (Aliyah Bet), to diff erentiate it from the offi cial type (aliyah) allowed for by
British authorities. Aliyah Bet was an indication of the diaspora’s longing to return
to the Promised Land, and simultaneously a way of fi ghting the restrictive policy of
Great Britain which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine. It was also a form of
aid to Jewish refugees from Europe and salvation for Jews menaced by Nazism. In
due time Aliyah Bet became a national myth, part of the Jews’ collective consciousness.
Th is book deals with Aliyah Bet activity in the years 1934–1944. It opens with
the organization of the fi rst sea transport of illegal immigrants to set sail for Palestine
(the ship Velos, in July 1934). Th at date is considered the symbolic beginning
of Aliyah Bet, though the phenomenon was known to exist from much earlier. Th e
closing bookend of the book’s chronology is December 1944 and the last wartime
sea transport (the ship Taurus). Th us two entirely diff erent chapters in the history
of Aliyah Bet form the subject of my analysis: the period when the movement was
forming and becoming organized, and the war years – a time of great challenges
and even greater diffi culties. Th e book does not address the postwar period (1945–
1948), a subject to which a decidedly varied literature has already been devoted;1 this
decision was dictated by the need to focus on issues which had received relatively
little attention in previous research.
Th e work is structured both chronologically and thematically. Th e introductory
chapter attempts to explain the complicated realities of the Middle East, with partic-
1 See for example: Y. Bauer, Flight and Rescue: Brichah, New York 1970; M.S. Greenfi eld, J.M. Hochstein,
Th e Jews’ Secret Fleet. Th e Untold Story of North American Volunteers Who Smashed the British
Blockade, Jerusalem 1987 (rev. ed. Jerusalem–New York 1999); Z.V. Hadari, Second Exodus. Th e Full
Story of Jewish Illegal Immigration to Palestine, 1945–1948, London 1991; Z.V. Hadari, Z. Tsahor,
Voyage to Freedom. An Episode in the Illegal Immigration to Palestine, London 1985; A. Halamish,
Th e Exodus Aff air. Holocaust Survivors and the Struggle for Palestine, London 1998; F. Liebreich,
Britain’s Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 1945–1948,
London 2005; N. Stewart, Th e Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol, London–Portland, Or 2002;
G. Th omas, Operation Exodus. Th e Perilous Journey from the Nazi Camps to the Promised Land…
and Back, London 2010; I. Zertal, From Catastrophe to Power. Holocaust Survivors and the Emergence
of Israel, Berkeley–Los Angeles–London 1998.
10
ular consideration devoted to the factors which determined the Palestinian problem
in the Mandate era. Illegal immigration was an integral part of the then-existing order,
and the many circumstances which shaped it originated in the preceding years.
In the second chapter I present the genesis of Aliyah Bet, including the particulars
of the organization of the fi rst refugee sea transport in 1934. I consider the reasons
why Zionists-Revisionists were initially extremely active in this area and show the
dilemmas faced by Yishuv leaders concerning this form of Jewish immigration. My
work deals separately with the Aliyah Bet of Jews from Poland. Immigrants coming
from the Republic of Poland constituted a substantive percentage of illegal immigrants
in general, and Polish authorities unoffi cially supported this so-called “tourist
emigration.” I endeavor to answer the question as to what motives lay behind these
authorities’ actions. In the third chapter I discuss the reasons for the intensifi cation
of Aliyah Bet in the last months before the outbreak of the Second World War.
In this context I present Mossad le’Aliyah Bet (“the naval department of Hagana”),
the secret organization responsible for illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine in its
entirety. I also write about other circles and individuals who, acting independently,
allied themselves with Aliyah Bet and consider their motives for doing so. Great
Britain’s position on the infl ow of Jewish refugees to Palestine is discussed, as well
as Arab reactions. In addition, I approach the question of immigration from the
Th ird Reich, in which context I mention the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung
based in Vienna.
Subsequent chapters address the period of the Second World War. I begin with
an attempt to answer the question of how the realities of the time infl uenced the
nature and aims of Aliyah Bet, the position of the Yishuv leaders, and the policy
of Great Britain. As is known, Palestine and the Middle East played a very important
role in London’s strategy. I devote a separate section to topics less commonly
associated with Aliyah Bet in the popular mind, although they were part
of it. I have in mind here the secret forms of Jewish infl ux via the “green border”
(mainly from Syria and Lebanon) and what was called Aliyah Vav, i.e., willful
or legal desertion from the ranks of the Władysław Anders’ Polish army (whose
troops were stationed for a time in Palestine) by soldiers of Jewish origin who
had decided to remain in Eretz Israel. Th e fi ft h chapter depicts the circumstances
surrounding the deportation of 1580 Jewish refugees to Mauritius by Mandate
authorities in December 1940, and describes their fi ve-year exile on this distant
island in the Indian Ocean. In the following chapter, I examine the dramatic divisions
in Aliyah Bet: the tragic fate of Jewish refugees from the “Kladovo” group
and the sinking of the Salvador (in the Sea of Marmara in December 1940) and
the Struma (in the Black Sea in February 1942). I refl ect on whether these tragedies
could have been avoided, and where the responsibility (moral and other) for
the deaths of hundreds of unfortunate refugees lay. In the seventh and last chapter,
I write about the relaxation of British immigration policy which occurred in 1942
and 1943. I reveal how in changing conditions Mossad le’Aliyah Bet renewed its ef11
forts to organize further transports (by ship) of Jewish refugees. In the Appendix
the reader will fi nd a list of the sea transports organized by Aliyah Bet in the years
1934–1944.
In my work, I strive to answer the question, what was illegal Jewish immigration?
What were the external and internal factors which determined its course, which
acted for and against it? What set its tone? What motives drove its organizers and
participants? Were these motives consistent over time, or did they change from one
period to another? How did Aliyah Bet infl uence Great Britain’s Palestinian policy
and its relationship with Yishuv before and during the war?
Although various topics concerning illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine have
interested scholars, writers and artists before, such interest has largely been focused
on particular episodes rich in human drama, such as the tragedy of the Struma mentioned
earlier or, in the postwar period, that of the Exodus 1947.
Th e fi rst attempts to comprehensively synthesize the history of Aliyah Bet appeared
relatively early. Th ey were written by the brothers Jon and David Kimche
(Th e Secret Roads. Th e “Illegal” Migration of a People, 1938–1948, London 1954),
Bracha Habas (Portzei ha-shearim. Sipur korotehah shel Aliyah Bet, Tel Aviv 1957;
English edition: Th e Gate Breakers, New York–London 1963) and Chaim Lazar-Litai
(Af-‘al-pi. Sefer Aliyah Bet, Tel Aviv 1957). Th ose books, however, were not scholarly
works (they were closer to journalism), and when reading them it is not diffi cult to
establish where the authors’ sympathies lie. Th is can be observed in the selection
of arguments, the placement of emphasis, etc. Th e Kimche brothers and Habas approach
the problem from the perspective of the Zionist left , while Lazar-Litai presents
the views of the Revisionist movement.
Of scholarly monographs, Dalia Ofer’s book Escaping the Holocaust. Illegal Immigration
to the Land of Israel, 1939–1944 (New York 1990), fi rst published in Hebrew
in Jerusalem in 1988, is of fundamental importance. Th is thorough study, based on
wide preliminary source research, devotes much attention to the tactics of the Zionist
movement. Aryeh L. Avneri’s Mi – „Velos” ‘ad „Taurus.” Asor rishon le-ha’apalah
be-darkhe ha-yam, 1934–1944 (Tel Aviv 1985) [From “Velos” to “Taurus.” Th e First
Decade of Jewish Illegal Immigration 1934–1944] must also be cited. Th e work has so
far only appeared in Hebrew, which by nature limits its potential readership.
Among other works, Mordechai Naor’s popular outline Aliyah 2, 1934–1948: mekorot,
sikumim, parashiyot nivharot vehomer ‘ezer/ha – ‘orekh (Yerushalayim 1988)
bears mention. It has also appeared in a shortened English version (Haapala. Clandestine
Immigration 1931–1948, Tel Aviv 1987; no footnotes or bibliography). Sefi
not be-terem shahar. Sipuran shel sefi not ha-ma’apilim mi “Vilus” ad “Kerav Emek
Ayalon.” Leksikon ha-ha’apalah, 1934–1948 (Hefa 2004) [Dawning Ships. Th e Story of
the Clandestine Immigration Ships From “Vilus” to “Ayalon Valley Battle.” Dictionary
of the Clandestine 1934–1948] by Shai Horev is a popular, encyclopedic history, with
many illustrations and separate entries for each Aliyah Bet sea transport. A collection
of studies on the subject edited by Anita Shapira, Ha’apalah: measef letoladot
12
ha-hazalah, ha-berihah, ha-ha’apalah usheerit ha-peleitah (Tel Aviv 1990), has also
only appeared in Hebrew.2 Th ese works deal only in part with the period surveyed in
the present work and, due to their popular nature, may serve only as an introduction
to the subject.
Works concentrating on particular sub-divisions within Aliyah Bet comprise
a separate group. Th ey include studies of illegal immigrants deported to Mauritius
(by Ronald Friedmann, Geneviève Pitot and Aaron Zwergbaum, among others),3 as
well as monographs on selected Aliyah Bet sea transports. Th e tragic destinies of the
Struma and Mefk ura in particular, ships which sank in the Black Sea in somewhat
mysterious circumstances during the war, have attracted historiographers’ attention.
Israeli, American, German, Rumanian, and Turkish authors have written about
these issues, including Douglas Frantz and Catherine Collins, Serban Gheorghiu,
Efraim Ofi r, Jürgen Rohwer, Shimon Rubinstein, Mihai Stoian, and Çetin Yetkin.4
Erich Gershon Steiner has written a fi ctional novel about the disaster on the Patria
in November 1940.5
Th e basic source materials which I used for this book were from the National
Archives in London and the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. Th e British archives
house rich collections of both original documents produced by high-ranking
offi cers in the Foreign Offi ce, Colonial Offi ce and War Offi ce, and translations and
transcriptions of materials created by Aliyah Bet organizers, Jewish operatives in
Palestine, Great Britain and the United States, and immigrants themselves (reports,
interrogation transcripts). Reports of the British intelligence services, MI5, must
also be mentioned here. I have tried to compare and contrast the information in
documents of British provenance with that in Jewish documents from Palestine and
the diaspora.
Th e Central Zionist Archives contain groups of documents created by the Offi ce
of the Jewish Agency and its immigration department in London and New York.
In the archive I found pre-war British reports revealing Great Britain’s attitude to-
2 “Studies in the History of Illegal Immigration into Palestine 1934–1948.” See: Zeev Tzahor’s review
in Studies in Contemporary Jewry. Vol. IX: “Modern Jews and Th eir Musical Agendas.” Ed. E. Mendelsohn,
New York 1993, pp. 362–364.
3 R. Friedmann, Exil auf Mauritius 1940 bis 1945. Report einer “demokratischen” Deportation jüdischer
Flüchtlinge, Berlin 1998; G. Pitot, Th e Mauritian Shekel. Th e Story of the Jewish Detainees in
Mauritius, 1940–1945, Port Louis 1998; A. Zwergbaum, “Exile in Mauritius,” Yad Vashem Studies
(Jerusalem). Vol. IV: 1960, pp. 191–257.
4 D. Frantz, C. Collins, Death on the Black Sea. Th e Untold Story of the “Struma” and World War II’s
Holocaust at Sea, New York 2003; S. Gheorghiu, Tragedia navelor “Struma” şi “Mefk ure,” Constanţa
1998; E. Ofi r, With No Way Out. Th e Story of the Struma. Documents and Testimonies, Cluj-Napoca
2003; J. Rohwer, Die Versenkung der jüdischen Flüchtlingstransporter Struma und Mefk ure im
Schwarzen Meer (February 1942, August 1944), Frankfurt/Main 1965; S. Rubinstein, Personal Tragedies
as a Refl ection to a Great Tragedy Called Struma, Jerusalem 2003; M. Stoian, Ultima cursă de la
Struma la Mefk üre, Bucureşti 1995; Ç. Yetkin, Struma. Bir dramin içyüzü, Istanbul 2008.
5 E.G. Steiner, Th e Story of the Patria, New York 1982.

181
Selected bibliography
I. Archives collections
1. The National Archives (former Public Record Offi ce), London
a. Admiralty Records (ADM)
ADM 116/4312 – Palestine: eff orts to curtail illegal immigration of Jews, 1939–1940
ADM 116/4659 – Palestine. Illegal immigration of Jews, 1940–1942
b. Colonial Offi ce Records (CO)
CO 67/364/4 – Jewish Camps in Cyprus. Detention of Illegal Immigrants in Cyprus, 1949
CO 537/2398 – Palestine. MI5, Illegal Immigration Reviews, 1947
CO 733/255/11 – Palestine. Immigration Report by Mr. E. Samuel, 1934
CO 733/331/3 – Palestine. Illegal immigration, 1937
CO 733/394/1 and 2 – Illegal immigration of Jews into Palestine, 1939
CO 733/395/1 – Illegal immigration. Measures in Palestine: setting up of refugee camps,
1939
CO 733/395/4 – Illegal Immigration: “Tiger Hill,” 1939
CO 733/429/1 – Palestine. Situation and counter measures, 1940
CO 733/429/4 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. Th e Low Countries, 1940
CO 733/431/1 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. Publicity, 1940
CO 733/446/4 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. Commission of Enquiry into explosion and
sinking of SS “Patria,” 1941
CO 733/446/7 and 8 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. “Darien” ship, 1942
CO 733/446/9 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. Interim Reports on the Detainment Camp in
Mauritius, 1942–1943
CO 733/446/10 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. M.V. “Struma,” 1942
CO 733/446/11 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. M.V. “Struma.” Parliamentary Questions,
1942
CO 733/454/2 – Jewish illegal immigration into Palestine, 1944–1945
CO 733/466/12 – Illegal immigration of Jews into Palestine through Turkey, 1943–1944
CO 733/466/15 and 16 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. Transport arrangements. Treatment
of “Atlantic” passengers, 1944
CO 733/466/18 – Illegal immigration. Detainees in Mauritius. Conditions in camp. Applications
for release, etc., 1944
CO 733/466/20 – Palestine. Illegal immigration. Detainees in Mauritius. Conditions in camp
and applications for release, 1944
182
c. Foreign Offi ce Records (FO)
FO 371/24094 and 24096 – Political. Western. Refugees 1939. General question of settlement
for refugees
FO 371/25124 – Political. Western. Co-ordination, 1940
FO 371/25238 and 25239, 25240, 25241, 25242 – Political. General. Refugees 1940. Illegal
immigration into Palestine
FO 371/29160 – General. Refugees 1941. Illegal immigration into Palestine
FO 371/32661 – General. Refugees 1942. Illegal immigration into Palestine
FO 371/42825 – Jewish immigration into Palestine (via Istanbul), 1944
FO 371/45383 – Palestine and Transjordan, 1945
FO 371/61812 – Illegal immigration into Palestine: control of suspect shipping, 1947
d. Treasury Records (T)
T 161/1107 – Palestine. Measures to prevent illegal immigration. Maintenance of refugees
who are refused admission, 1933–1943
T 220/195 – Palestine. Measures to prevent illegal immigration, 1944–1951
e. War Offi ce Records (WO)
WO 275/60 – On board the Exodus 1947
2. Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem
a. Central Offi ces of the World Zionist Organization and of the Jewish Agency for Palestine
/ Israel abroad
Z4/30286 – Mauritius detainees, 1943–1945
Z4/30523 – Immigration into Palestine, 1942
Z4/31046 – Memorandum: a Positive Program. Suggestions for Agenda of World Zionist
Congress, Geneva, August 1939
Z4/31066 – Illegal Immigration (including materials on the “Atlantic” as well as the refugees
interned at Atlit and on Mauritius, 1940, 1941)
Z4/31096 – “Struma,” 1942
Z4/31103 and 31104 – Refugees, 1940–1942
Z4/31107 and 31108 – including correspondence of Moshe Shertok (1939–1940)
Z4/31145 – correspondence of Chaim Weizmann, Berl Locker and Ivor Linton with Ernest
Bevin and Arthur Creech-Jones (1941–1944)
Z5/10819 – Cyprus cases, 1942/1943
Z6/292 – Nahum Goldmann’s offi ces in New York and Geneva. Confi dential documents
(1941–1944)
Z6/1567 – European Jewish refugees before World War II (1954)
b. Departments of the Executive of the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish
Agency for Palestine/ Israel in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Haifa
S25/22701 – Political Department. Illegal immigration. Various documents (1936–1939)
c. Archives of Zionist federations, organizations and associations and collections of
documents on the history of Zionism in the United States
F38/1304 – Internment of Jewish Refugees in Athlit, Palestine, 1942
183
d. Affi liated offi ces of the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency and institutions
established by them
L15/1139 – Immigration Department, Offi ce in Istanbul (Aliyah from Balkan countries via
Turkey, 1943–1944)
L22/922 – “Pencho” (1940, 1943)
e. Personal Papers
A289/75 – Harry Sacher: Th e Mauritius detainees, 1 II 1945
A406/55 and 59 – Robert Szold. Various documents (1940–1942)
f. Minutes of the Jewish Agency
S100/25 b – Vol. 25 (for the period 2 X 1938–1 I 1939)
3. Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem
a. Archives in Bulgaria fi les
M67/85 – including documents on the sinking of the “Salvador” in 1940
b. Kurt Jakob Ball-Kaduri collection of testimonies and reports on German Jewry
O1/213 – Protokoll über eine Besprechung mit Dr. Aron Zwergbaum, Jerusalem, zum Th ema
“Mauritius” aufgezeichnet von Dr. Ball-Kaduri. Tel Aviv, 27 Februar 1958
c. Records of Th e Wiener Library, London
O2/633 – “Die Alijah von Bratislava nach Mauritius.” Ein Tagebuch von Dr. A. Zwergbaum
O2/634 – Mauritius: Documents and newspaper cuttings
O2/635 – Mauritius: petitions and cutting from Cyprus Post
O2/636 – Hans Klein, London (late of Vienna): “My emigration into forced Internment of
Mauritius”
d. Collection about Romania
O11/64 and 66, 67 – “Struma”
O11/69 – “Mefk ure,” 1944
O11/70 – S.S. “Mefk üre.” S.S. “Patria”
O11/71 – “Struma” und “Mefk ure.” Gutachten von Dr. J. Rohver
e. Records of the Wilhelm Filderman Archive (Chairman, Union of Jewish Communities
in Romania)
P6/20, P6/24, P6/117 – including documents on Aliyah Bet from Romania (1942, 1944)
4. Atlit Detention Camp for Illegal Immigrants Museum, Atlit
a. booklet Atlit Detention Camp for Illegal Immigrants. Ed. Atlit Detention Camp for Illegal
Immigrants [without year of issue]
b. leafl et Ma’apilim Detention Camp Atlit
184
5. The National Library of Israel, Givat Ram, Jerusalem
Unpublished works:
Carmely T., Th e Real Story of Struma or Breaking Down a 60 Years Old Conspiracy of Silence,
Haifa 2002 (inventory no. S2 = 2002 B 3367)
Carmely T., Dosarul “Struma” şi dedesubturile sale, Haifa 2005 (inventory no. S2 = 2006 B
4904)
Finkelstein A., Th e Mefk ure Tragedy (An inquiry into the slayers’ identity), Paris 1989 (inventory
no. S2 = 89 B 2684)
Rubinstein S., Comments on Several Personal Tragedies that were part of the General Tragedy
Called Struma, Jerusalem 2002 (inventory no. S2 = 2003 B 6596)
Shealtiel S., Emigration and Illegal Immigration to Palestine from Bulgaria and via Bulgaria in
the years 1939–1945. Vol. 1–2, Tel Aviv University 2001 (inventory no. S2 = 2003 A 1581;
PhD thesis in Hebrew, summary and additional title in English)
6. Rhodes House Library, Oxford
Dudley Nigg Papers, MSS. Medit/21 (Ill – usage of ex-detainees at Athlit Camp, Palestine)
7. The Polish Institute and General Sikorski Museum in London
Records: Ref. A.11 E/87 – Ministry of Foreign Aff airs. Jews in Palestine 1945
Ref. A. 11/3/Bl. Wsch. – including analysis and reports of the Bureau for Near and Middle
East Studies of the Polish Government-in-Exile
Ref. A. 49/1 – Polish Consulate in Tel Aviv. General political relations with Poland
8. Archiwum Akt Nowych (The Central Archives of Modern
Records), Warsaw
a. Records of the Ministry of Foreign Aff airs (Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych, MSZ)
MSZ 9909 – Th e problem of Jewish emigration – legal and illegal including to Palestine
1938–1939 [microfi lm B 26319]
MSZ 9916, 9918 – V. Jabotinsky’s New Zionist Organization – activities, contacts with the
Polish government, 1938–1939 [B 26326, B 26328]
MSZ 9933 – Emigration of Jews to Palestine. Activities of Jewish organizations. Question of
youth military training etc., 1939 [B 26343]
MSZ 9935 – Th e “Hehalutz – Pioneer” organization in Poland. Tourist emigration to Palestine.
Minutes of conferences at Ministry of Foreign Aff airs, 1939 [B 26345]
MSZ 10004 – Problem of Jewish emigration. Resolutions of the New Zionist Organization,
1937–1939 [B 26414]
MSZ 10008 – Report of an offi cial trip to Palestine, 1939 [B 26418]
185
b. Records of the Polish Central Police Command (Komenda Główna Policji Państwowej,
KGPP)
KGPP 258 – Illegal emigration of Jews to Palestine. Memos of the Polish Ministry of Internal
Aff airs, correspondence, photocopies of declarations, records of statements, 1938–1939
c. Records of the Polish Embassy in London
140 – Palestine. Political system, government, parliament. Arab-Jewish confl ict and government
policy etc., 1936–1939
271 – Palestine. Movement of population. Immigration (including from Poland). Reports,
statistical tables, 1932–1935
902 – Emigration of national minorities. Polish Jews in Canada, Palestine, South Africa etc.,
1920–1938
d. Records of the Polish Diplomatic Mission in Bern
153 – Palestine. Internal situation and the problem of dividing the country. World Zionist
Congress in Geneva. Reports of the Polish Diplomatic Mission in Bern and the Polish
Consulate in Tel Aviv, correspondence, aide-memoires, 1939
e. Records of the Ministry of Internal Aff airs (Ministerstwo Spraw Wewnętrznych,
MSW)
MSW 1069 – Documents on the evacuation of Jews from Gdansk, 1938
MSW 1508 – Deporting of Polish citizens to Poland from Palestine, 1925–1939
II. Published primary sources
Begin M., Jedyna droga, Warszawa 1936
British White Paper, Cmd. 1700 of 1922: Palestine. Correspondence with the Palestine Arab
Delegation and the Zionist Organization, London 1922
British White Paper, Cmd. 3692 of 1930: Palestine: Statement of Policy by His Majesty’s Government
in the United Kingdom, London 1930
British White Paper, Cmd. 5957 of 1939: Correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon, His
Majesty’s High Commissioner at Cairo, and the Sherif Hussein of Mecca, July 1915–March
1916, London 1939
British White Paper, Cmd. 6019 of 1939: Palestine: Statement of Policy, London 1939
British White Paper, Cmd. 6180 of 1940: Palestine Land Transfers Regulations. Letter to the
Secretary – General of the League of Nations, February 28, 1940, London 1940
Butler R. and Bury J.P.T. (eds.), Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939. Series I.
Vol. VIII: 1920, London 1958
[Colony of Mauritius], Interim Report on the Detainment Camp for the period 1st Oct., 1941,
to 30th Sept., 1942, Port Louis, Mauritius 1942
[Colony of Mauritius], Interim Report on the Detainment Camp for the period 1st Oct., 1942,
to 30th Sept., 1943, Port Louis, Mauritius 1943
“Dezercje Żydów z Armii Polskiej na Wschodzie,” Zeszyty Historyczne (Paris). No. 103: 1993,
pp. 131–144
186
Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918–1945. Series D. Vol. V: Poland; Th e Balkans; Latin
America; Th e Smaller Powers. June 1937–March 1939, London 1953
Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic Papers
1937. Vol. II: Th e British Commonwealth, Europe, Near East and Africa, Washington 1954
1939. Vol. IV: Th e Far East, Th e Near East and Africa, Washington 1955
1940. Vol. III: Th e British Commonwealth, Th e Soviet Union, Th e Near East and Africa,
Washington 1958
1943. Vol. I: General, Washington 1963
1944. Vol. III: Th e British Commonwealth and Europe, Washington 1965
Haapala, La. Compilación de notas y documentos de la Inmigrácion “Ilegal” a Eretz Israel 1933–
1948. La selección del material por M. Kitrón, Jerusalem 1953
Herzl T., Th e Jewish State, New York–London 1988 (translation from German, Leipzig–Wien
1896)
Hurewitz J.C., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East. A Documentary Record: 1914–1956.
Vol. II, Princeton 1956
Hurewitz J.C., Th e Middle East and North Africa in World Politics. A Documentary Record.
Vol. II: British-French Supremacy 1914–1945, New Haven–London 1979
[Th e Jewish Agency for Palestine], Book of Documents submitted to the General Assembly of
the United Nations relating to the Establishment of the National Home for the Jewish People,
New York 1947
[Th e Jewish Agency for Palestine], Th e Jewish Case before the Anglo-American Committee
of Inquiry on Palestine as presented by the Jewish Agency for Palestine. Statements and
Memoranda, Jerusalem 1947
[Th e Jewish Agency for Palestine], Memorandum submitted to the Palestine Royal Commission
on behalf of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, London 1936
Laqueur W., Rubin B. (eds.), Th e Israel-Arab Reader. A Documentary History of the Middle
East Confl ict, 4th ed., New York–Oxford 1985
Palestine Mandate, Cmd. 1785, London 1922
Palestine Royal Commission. Report. Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to
Parliament by Command of His Majesty. July, 1937. Cmd. 5479, London 1937
“Palestine Statement of Policy by H.M.G. Offi cial Communique No. 2/39,” Th e Palestine Post,
18 V 1939, p. 3
Palestine. Termination of the Mandate 15th May, 1948. Statement prepared for public information
by the Colonial Offi ce and Foreign Offi ce, London 1948
Parliamentary Debates. House of Commons. Offi cial Report. 5th Series. Vol. 298, London 1935;
Vol. 346, London 1939, Vol. 347, London 1939; Vol. 348, London 1939; Vol. 350, London
1939; Vol. 351, London 1939; Vol. 356, London 1939; Vol. 357, London 1940; Vol. 367,
London 1940; Vol. 368, London 1940; Vol. 377, London 1942; Vol. 378, London 1942; Vol.
393, London 1943; Vol. 398, London 1944; Vol. 400, London 1944; Vol. 408, London 1945
Parliamentary Debates. House of Lords. Offi cial Report. 5th Series. Vol. 115, London 1940;
Vol. 128, London 1943
Patek A. (ed.), “Żydowska ‘emigracja turystyczna’ z Polski do Palestyny w 1939 roku –dokumenty,”
Studia Historyczne (Kraków). No. 1 (213): 2011, pp. 81–98
Th e Political History of Palestine under British Administration. (Memorandum by His Britannic
Majesty’s Government presented in July, 1947, to the United Nations Special Committee
on Palestine), Jerusalem 1947
187
Reich B. (ed.), Arab-Israeli Confl ict and Conciliation. A Documentary History, London 1995
Report of the Commission on the Palestine Disturbances of August 1929 presented by the Secretary
of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, London 1930
Th e Rise of Israel. A Documentary Record from the Nineteenth Century to 1948. A Facsimile
Series Reproducing Over 1.900 Documents in 39 Volumes. General Editor H.M. Sachar,
New York 1987
Vol. 7, 8: Britain Enters into a Compact with Zionism 1917. Ed. by I. Friedman
Vol. 16: Th e Jewish Yishuv’s Development in the Interwar Period. Ed. by A.S. Klieman
Vol. 19: Zionist Political Activity in the 1920s and 1930s. Ed. by A.S. Klieman
Vol. 24: Th e Royal Commission Report, 1937. Ed. by A.S. Klieman
Vol. 27: Th e Darkest Year 1939. Ed. by A.S. Klieman
Vol. 28: Implementing the White Paper, 1939–1941. Ed. by M.J. Cohen
Vol. 30: Th e Holocaust and Illegal Immigration, 1939–1947. Ed. by M.J. Cohen
“Select British Documents on the Illegal Immigration to Palestine (1939–1940).” Introduced
by L. Yahil, Yad Vashem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance (Jerusalem).
Vol. X: 1974, pp. 241–276
Sovietsko-izrailskiye otnosheniya. Sbornik dokumientov. T. I: 1941–1953. Kniga 1: 1941–May
1949, Moskva 2000
A Survey of Palestine. Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the Information of the
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Vol. 1, Jerusalem 1946
Todorov T., Th e Fragility of Goodness. Why Bulgaria’s Jews Survived the Holocaust, London
2000
Tomaszewski J. (ed.), “Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej wobec
Żydów, 1938–1939 (dokumenty),” Polski Przegląd Dyplomatyczny (Warszawa). Vol. 3:
2003. No. 1 (11), pp. 197–235
Wight M., British Colonial Constitutions 1947, Oxford 1952
Woodhead J., “Th e Report of the Palestine Partition Commission,” International Aff airs (Oxford).
No. 2: 1939, pp. 171–193
Żabotyński W., Państwo Żydowskie, Warszawa–Kraków–Poznań–Łódź [1937]
Żebrowski R., Dzieje Żydów w Polsce 1918–1939. Wybór tekstów źródłowych, Warszawa 1993
III. Diaries and memoirs
Aliav R., Mann P., Th e Last Escape. Th e Launching of the Largest Secret Rescue Movement of
All Time, London 1974
Anders W., Bez ostatniego rozdziału. Wspomnienia z lat 1939–1946, Londyn 1959 (reprint:
Bydgoszcz 1989)
Avigur S., S pokoleniyem khagany, Tel Awiw 1976 (Hebrew edition: Im dor ha-Haganah,
Tel Aviv 1962)
Avriel E., Open the Gates! A Personal Story of “Illegal” Immigration to Israel. Preface by
G. Meir, New York 1975 (also the Italian edition: Aprite le porte. La drammatica storia
dell’ immigrazione clandestina in Israele, Milano 1976)
Barbur E., Urbański K., Właśnie Izrael. „Gadany” przewodnik po teraźniejszości i historii Izraela,
Warszawa 2006
188
Begin M., Th e Revolt, Jerusalem 1951 (7th ed.: Jerusalem–Tel Aviv–Haifa 1977; Hebrew edition:
Mered, Yerushalayim 1950)
Ben-Gurion D., Israel. A Personal History, London 1972 (translation from the Hebrew,
Tel-Aviv 1969)
Ben-Gurion D., Rebirth and Destiny of Israel. Edited and translated from the Hebrew under
the supervision of M. Nurock, New York 1954
Bentwich N. and H., Mandate Memories 1918–1948, New York 1965
Braginsky Y., Am hoter el hof, Tel-Aviv 1965
Drymmer W.T., “Zagadnienie żydowskie w Polsce w latach 1935–1939 (Wspomnienie z pracy
w Ministerstwie Spraw Zagranicznych),” Zeszyty Historyczne (Paris). No. 13: 1968,
pp. 55–75
[Dugdale B.], Baff y. Th e Diaries of Blanche Dugdale 1936–1947. Edited by N.A. Rose. Foreword
by M. Weisgal, London 1973
Epstein L., Before the Curtain Fell, Tel-Aviv 1990
Feinber Ch., “Nach fünfzehn Jahren… ‘Patria’ – Gedanken. Aus den Erinnerungen eines
Geretteten,” Jedioth Chadashoth (Tel-Aviv), 25 XI 1955, p. 6
Friling T., “Th e ‘King of the Jews’ in Bulgaria. David Ben-Gurion’s Diary, December 1944,”
Shvut. Studies in Russian and East European Jewish History and Culture (Tel-Aviv–Beer
Sheva). Ed. B. Pinkus. Vol. 10 (26): 2001, pp. 182–279
Hirschmann I.A., Life Line to a Promised Land, New York 1946
Kollek T., For Jerusalem. A Life by Teddy Kollek with his son, Amos Kollek, London 1978
Konfi no B., Aliyah Bet. Nielegalna imigraciya. Kratk ocherk za izvshenite nielegalni transporti
za Palestina prez 1939/40 god, Sofi ya 1946 (Hebrew edition: Aliyah Bet me-hofe Bulgaryah,
Yerushalayim-Tel Aviv 1965)
Laub M., Th e Last Barrier to Freedom. Internment of Jewish Holocaust Survivors on Cyprus,
1946–1949, Berkeley, Cal. 1985
Lenk K., Th e Mauritius Aff air. Th e Boat People of 1940/1941. Edited and translated from the
original German by R.S. Lenk, Brighton 1993
Marcus E., “Th e German Foreign Offi ce and the Palestine Question in the Period 1933–
1939,” Yad Vashem Studies (Jerusalem). Vol. II: 1958, pp. 179–204
Mardor M.M., Strictly Illegal. Foreword by D. Ben-Gurion, London 1964 (Hebrew edition:
Shelihut alumah, Tel-Aviv 1957)
Meir G., My Life, 6th ed., London 1978
Nameri D., Sipuro shel Davidka, Tel Aviv 1974
Pearse R., Th ree Years in the Levant, London 1949
[Pearlman M.], Ben Gurion Looks Back in talks with Moshe Pearlman, New York 1965
Perl W.R., Operation Action. Rescue from the Holocaust. Revised and enlarged edition, New
York 1983 (1st ed.: Th e Four-Front War. From the Holocaust to the Promised Land, New
York 1979)
Sander-Steckl R., À bientôt en Eretz Israël. L’odyssée des réfugiés de l’Atlantic (décembre
1939–avril 1942). Journal traduit de l’allemand par Sonia Combe. Commenté par Michel
Daëron, Paris 2002
Shamir Y., Summing Up. An Autobiography, Boston–New York–Toronto–London 1994
Siemaszko Z.S., “Rozmowa z gen. Andersem w dniu 31 lipca 1967 roku,” Kultura (Paris).
No. 7–8 (274–275): 1970, pp. 26–39
189
Soshuk L., Eisenberg A. (eds.), Momentous Century. Personal and Eyewitness Accounts of the
Rise of the Jewish Homeland and State 1875–1978, New York–London 1984
Weizmann Ch., Trial and Error. Th e Autobiography of Chaim Weizmann, London 1950
IV. Contemporary press articles (selection)
“204 Jewish Emigrants Drowned in Storm. 66 Children among Dead,” Th e Palestine Post,
15 XII 1940
“246 żydowskich uchodźców utonęło w Morzu Czarnym,” Dziennik Polski i Dziennik
Żołnierza (London), 8 VIII 1944
“400 Refugees Rescued from Blazing Vessel off Rhodes,” Th e Palestine Post, 6 VII 1939
“541 Refugees Arrive in Istanbul from Romania,” Th e Palestine Post, 30 X 1944
“709 Refugees Lost in Struma. Ship Sinks in Black Sea,” Th e Palestine Post, 27 II 1942
“840 Refugees from Rhodes Land Here. Rim Disaster Victims and Others in 3 Small Boats,”
Th e Palestine Post, 20 VIII 1939
“1400 Refugees Land at Tel Aviv Beach. Th ree Killed by Marine Patrol Fire,” Th e Palestine
Post, 3 IX 1939
“1875 Refugees Fight Death in Mediterranean. Fleeing from Nazi Tyranny 7 Die on Voyage
from Creta,” Cyprus Post (Nicosia), 16 XI 1940
“2000 Jewish Refugees Marooned on the Danube. MacDonald Refuses to Lift Palestine Ban,”
Th e Palestine Post, 8 II 1940
“Abril Refugees Deported,” Th e Palestine Post, 10 III 1947
“Af-al-pi-magbit,” Trybuna Narodowa (Kraków–Lwów–Warszawa), 9 XII 1938
“Arab Gov’t Offi cials Ask Immigration Stoppage. Full Text of Memorandum Submitted to
High Commissioner,” Th e Palestine Post, 10 VII 1936
“Are Th ere Nazi Jews?,” Th e Palestine Post, 25 III 1940
“Athlit, where refugees are cleared,” Th e Palestine Post, 22 I 1940
“Britain’s Blow Will Not Subdue Jews. Statement of the Jewish Agency for Palestine,”
Th e Palestine Post, 18 V 1939
“Bulgaria Responsible For Salvador Tragedy,” Th e Palestine Post, 22 XII 1940
“Explosion Wrecks Liner at Haifa,” Th e Times (London), 26 XI 1940
“Govt. to Prosecute Illegal Immigrants. 1220 Refugees Prevented Entry Between February
and April,” Th e Palestine Post, 26 IV 1939
“Happy End of A Sad Odyssey. Saga of Mauritius Refugees,” Th e Palestine Post, 27 VIII 1945
“Hundreds of Homeless in Cellars and Ship’s Holds,” Th e Palestine Post, 14 VI 1939
“Increased Penalties For Assisting ‘Illegals,’” Th e Palestine Post, 24 VIII 1939
“Jewish Agency and Aid to ‘Illegals,’” Th e Palestine Post, 2 VIII 1939
“Jewish Refugee Tragedy. Disastrous Voyage. Palestine Entry Barred,” Manchester Guardian,
26 II 1942
“Jewry Mourns and Protests,” Th e Palestine Post, 27 II 1942
Levy J.M., “Refugee Boats Attacked,” Th e New York Times, 17 VIII 1944
“Loss of Refugee Ship in Black Sea. 760 Jews Drowned,” Th e Times, 27 II 1942
“Mauritius Refugees Return,” Th e Palestine Post, 27 VIII 1945
“Mr. Ben Gurion in Bulgaria,” Th e Palestine Post, 3 XII 1944
190
“Murder of Lord Moyne. Minister Resident Shot in Cairo,” Th e Palestine Post, 7 XI 1944
Namier L.B., “Th e Refugee Ships,” Time and Tide (London), 14 III 1942
“No Legal Immigration in the Next Schedule Period,” Th e Palestine Post, 13 VII 1939
“Parita Refugees Released,” Th e Palestine Post, 1 IX 1939
“Patria Enquiry Opened,” Th e Palestine Post, 13 XII 1940
“Patria Roll Growing. Total Number of Dead Now 137,” Th e Palestine Post, 30 XII 1940.
“Patria Sinks in Haifa Harbour,” Th e Palestine Post, 26 XI 1940
“Refugee Dead of Typhoid,” Th e Palestine Post, 6 XII 1940
“Refugee Ship off Palestine Is Sunk by Blast,” Th e New York Times, 26 XI 1940
“Salvador Was Derelict Ship Without Maps Or Instruments,” Th e Palestine Post, 18 XII 1940
“Severer Measures Against Illegal Immigration,” Th e Palestine Post, 20 III 1940
“A Ship in the Black Sea, Transporting 700 Victims, Sailed into a Mine Field for Lack of Navigation
Facilities,” Th e New York Times, 28 II 1942
“Th e S.S. Parita Beached at Tel Aviv on Tuesday,” Th e Palestine Post, 24 VIII 1939
“Struma Again Raised in Commons,” Th e Palestine Post, 13 III 1942
“Th e Struma Tragedy,” Th e New York Times, 13 III 1942
“Survivors of Patria to Remain. Offi cial Communique. Position Regarding Other ‘Illegals’
Unchanged,” Th e Palestine Post, 5 XII 1940
“Turkey Censures Romania for Struma Sinking,” Th e Palestine Post, 5 III 1942
“U-Boat Sank Refugee Ship,” Th e Palestine Post, 20 VIII 1944
“Th e White Paper and the Struma. Dr. Weizmann on Refugee Tragedy,” Th e Palestine Post,
9 III 1942
“White Paper not in Accordance with League’s View of Mandate,” Th e Palestine Post,
25 VIII 1939
V. Monographs and articles
Abella I., Troper H., None Is Too Many. Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933–1948, New York
1983
Aharonson R., Rothschild and Early Jewish Colonization in Palestine, Lanham 2000
Anderl G., “Die Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung in Wien, 1938–1943,” David – Jüdische
Kulturzeitschrift (Wien). Jg. 5: 1993, H. 16, pp. 12–19
Anderl G., “Die ‘Zentralstellen für jüdische Auswanderung’ in Wien, Berlin und Prag –
ein Vergleich,” Tel Aviver Jahrbuch für deutsche Geschichte (Tel Aviv). 23. Band: 1994,
pp. 275–299
Anderl G., “Berthold Storfer: Retter oder Kollaborateur? Skizzen einer umstrittenen Persönlichkeit.
Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der ‘sogenannten illegalen Einwanderung’ in das
britische Mandatsgebiet Palästina,” David – Jüdische Kulturzeitschrift (Wien). Jg. 9: 1997,
H. 35, pp. 15–30
Anderl G., Manoschek W., Gescheiterte Flucht. Der “Kladovo-Transport” auf dem Weg nach
Palästina, 1939–1942, Wien 2001
Anderl G., Manoschek W., “Herta Eisler und der jüdische ‘Kladovo-Transport’ auf dem
Weg nach Palästina” [in:] Zwei Tage Zeit. Herta Reich und die Spuren jüdischen Lebens in
Mürz-zuschlag. H. Halbrainer (Hg.), Graz 1998, pp. 38–62

209
Index*
A Abdülhamid II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
47
Abdullah, emir of Transjordan 26, 34
Abella, Irving 100
Achdut Ha’Avoda (United Labour Party) 68
Acre 121
Aden 18, 168
Af-al-pi 52, 81
Af al pi 174, 175
Agami, Moshe, see Averbuch, Moshe
Aghia Zioni 176
Aghios Nikolaos 86, 88, 176, 177
Ahad ha-Am (Asher Hirsch Ginsberg) 20
Aharonson, Ran 19
Ahtopol 162
Alami, Musa 169
Albania 53, 60, 174
Aldouby, Zvy 73
Aleppa 71
Alexandria 46, 137, 168
Al-Gaylani, Rashid Ali 103, 136
Al-Haurani, Tewfi k Bey 80
Al-Husseini, Haj Amin 32–35, 98
Alia, Josette 50
Aliav, Ruth (Ruth Klueger) 14, 66, 91, 103,
134, 135, 156
Aliyah Dalet 38
Aliyah Gimmel 38
Aliyah Vav 10, 106, 108
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee
(Joint) 69, 133, 157, 158, 163
American Zionist Emergency Council 152
Anderl, Gabriela 73, 74, 76, 131–134
Anders, Władysław 10, 105–108
Anderson, Ewan W. 17
Andrychów 57
Ankara 139, 147, 148, 151, 167
Ankara = Turkey 132, 164
Antonescu, Ion 156, 165
Antonius, George 20
Arazi, Yehuda 66, 70, 135
Arendt, Hannah 73
Argentina 19, 49, 77
Aron, Jacques 81, 177
Aroni, Samuel 145
Arsene, Maria (Arthur Leibovici) 141, 147
Artemisia 174, 175
Asefat ha’Nivharim (Assembly of Representatives)
30, 169
Assa, Anri 165
Assimi 89, 176
Astia 176
Astir 86, 89, 90, 176
Athens 45, 48, 52, 71, 83, 139
Atlantic 76, 87, 115–119, 121, 122, 126, 141,
161, 178
Atlit 13, 91, 92, 111, 113, 121, 126, 135, 136,
153, 155
Atrato 71, 72, 86, 90, 175, 176
Aumann, Moshe 28
Australia 50
Austria 35, 49, 53, 55, 71–73, 75–77, 81, 85,
89, 108, 115, 118, 124, 125, 129, 131, 171
Austro-Hungary 21
Averbuch, Moshe 66, 71, 103, 135, 157
Avidov, Yani 104
Avigur, Shaul (Shaul Meirov) 13, 14, 65, 66,
68, 85, 95, 105, 119, 162, 166
Avineri, Shlomo 18, 20
Avneri, Aryeh L. 11, 20
Avriel, Ehud (Georg Überall) 14, 71, 72, 77,
86, 120, 131, 132, 160, 167
Ayelet ha’Shahar 104
* Ship names are given in italics.
210
BB
achi, Roberto 27, 80
Backmann, René 50
Baer, Tadek 163
Baghdad 103, 104
Balfour, Arthur James 22
Balfour Declaration 22–24, 26, 35–37, 114,
152
Balkans 71, 76, 92, 98, 101, 132, 154, 157,
167–169
Balke, Ralf 22, 97
Ball-Kaduri, Kurt-Jakob 74, 85, 128, 132,
137
Bar-Avi, Israel 142
Bar-Kochba, Shimeon 18
Bar-Zohar, Michael 32, 97
Barbur, Eli 159
Barclay, C. 116
Bard, Mitchell 100
Bari 83
Barlas, Chaim (Hayim) 13, 140, 145, 162,
173
Barnawi, Eli 50
Barpal, Yosef 45, 66
Basle 18
Basra 168
Bateman, Charles H. 70
Batmaz, Şakir 40
Batory 137
Bauer, Yehuda 9, 35, 53, 65, 69, 72, 73, 77,
85, 97, 101, 105, 134, 136, 145, 152
Baumkoller, Abraham 24
Beau Bassin 123, 125
Beck, Józef 56, 57
Beckman, Morris 97
Beer Sheva 157
Begin, Menachem 60, 107, 108, 121, 122,
150
Beirut 40, 71, 90
Bela-Christa 160, 179
Belgium 51, 52, 54, 60
Belgrade 71, 134
Belgrade = Yugoslavia 133
Belize (British Honduras) 115
Ben-Gurion, David 14, 31, 34, 45, 65, 66, 69,
78, 97, 102, 119, 150–152, 157, 159, 167
Ben Hecht 68
Ben-Horin, Eliahu 87, 112
Bennett, John S. 113
Bentwich, Helen 25
Bentwich, Norman 25, 49
Benvenisti, Misho 159, 160
Benz, Wolfgang 120, 162
Berlin 76
Berlin = Germany 50, 72, 73, 77, 134, 161,
164
Bern 13
Bernacki, Włodzimierz 124
Bernstein, I. 47
Bernstein, S. 155
Betar (Brit Trumpeldor, Trumpeldor Alliance)
44, 46–48, 52, 53, 60, 81, 88, 107
Bethell, Nicholas 24, 33, 35, 139, 147–150
Bethlehem 34
Bevin, Ernest 113
Bielicki, Vladimir 163
Bierman, John 137
Biltmore Program (1942) 152, 154
Binder, Johannes 74
Black, Edwin 73
Black Sea 10, 12, 74, 101, 110, 131, 133, 144,
148, 149
Bludan 94
Bogner, Nahum 156
Bogoslovskiy, Viktor V. 77
Boh 160
Bojko, Krzysztof 56
Bosphorus 71, 148, 149, 151, 156, 158, 159,
164
Bowden, Tom 33
Braginski, Yehuda 45, 66, 68, 135
Braila 54
Bratislava 75, 76, 83, 131, 137, 138
Brazil 49, 77, 86
Breitman, Richard 51, 100
Brenner, Lenni 31, 48, 88, 100
Brest on the Bug 56, 59, 60
Brindisi 83
Brno 128
Bronsztejn, Szyja 55
Brzoza, Czesław 61
Bucharest 64, 71, 76, 151, 152, 159, 163, 165
211
Bucharest = Romania 108, 132, 160
Buchwajc (Buchweitz), Menachem 25, 166
Budapest 18, 76
Bukovina 76
Bulbul 160–162, 164, 179
Bulgaria 29, 40, 46, 69, 82, 84–86, 89, 103,
108, 110, 112, 137, 139–141, 144, 154,
155, 165, 167, 171, 174, 176–178
Bullard, Reader 90
Burgas 164
Burstein, Moshe 30
Bury, John Patrick Tuer 23
Butler, Rohan 23
Butnaru, Ion C. 149, 160, 163, 165
CC
adogan, Alexander 141
Caesarea 70
Cairo 26, 94, 135, 150
Canada 19, 49, 51, 77, 100, 150
Çankaya 149
Cappollo 48, 174
Carmely, Tuvia 13, 141, 145, 149
Carmichael, Joel 31
Carvell, John E.M. 109, 113
Caucasus 47
Cesarani, David 73
Chary, Frederick B. 165, 167
Chateau d’If 54
Chazan, Meir 118–120
Chmielewski, Wojciech 57
Chojnowski, Andrzej 20, 87
Churchill, Winston 24–26, 36, 99, 102, 111,
113, 122, 136
Cohen, Eugene J. 65
Cohen, Michael J. 13, 26, 33, 74, 79, 98, 99,
101, 111, 115, 136, 150, 154
Cohen, Richard J. 133
Cohn-Sherbok, Dan 145
Cohn-Sherbok, Lavinia 25, 66
Collins, Catherine 12, 141, 142, 145–147,
149–151
Colorado 72, 78, 86, 176, 177
Comay, Joan 25, 66
Congo (Belgium) 60
Constanta 58, 83, 89, 90, 133, 135, 142, 146,
154, 156, 161, 163, 166
Corfu 86
Cranborne, Robert Arthur Gascoyne-Cecil,
Viscount 143, 153
Crete 88, 116
Crimea 164
Croning, Petre 163
Cuba 51
Cyprus 18, 19, 54, 77, 115–117, 137, 155,
156, 168, 173, 175, 178
Czechoslovakia 29, 50, 71, 75, 77, 81, 85,
112, 115, 123–126, 129, 135, 156, 171
DD
achau 92
Daëron, Michel 116, 118
Damascus 71
Dan, Shaike, see Trachtenberg, Yesheyahu
Daniels, Roger 51
Dann, Uriel 26, 36
Dante, Alighieri 47
Danube 74, 83, 86, 103, 115, 131–133, 135,
167
Danzig 46, 48, 72, 85, 115, 124, 125, 131
Dardanelles 46, 110
Darien II 103, 132–136, 140, 144, 153, 161,
178
Della Pergola, Sergio 19
Delpa 58, 175
Deniezhko, Dmitri M. 148
Deutsche Donau Schiff ahrtgesellschaft
(DDSG, German Association of Danube
Navigation) 74, 115, 131
Dikof, Lazar 147
Dimitrios 177
Dmitrev, Vladimir I. 164
Dniestr 160
Dodecanese Islands 137
Dora 85, 177, 179
Dordeval 155, 179
Douer, Alisa 131
Draga 175
Dreyfus, Alfred 18
Drymmer, Wiktor Tomir 46, 57
Dugdale, Blanche 115
212
Durrës 53
Dworkin, Lejba 59
Dyneburg 65
E
Eckert, Brita 49
Edelheit, Abraham J. 18, 23, 28, 33
Edelheit, Hershel 18, 23, 28, 33
Eden, Anthony 57, 99
Egypt 18, 21, 35, 71, 79, 94, 98, 103, 106,
122, 137, 147, 166, 169
Eichmann, Adolf 72, 73, 75–77, 134
Einstein, Albert 150
Eisenberg, Azriel 104
El Alamein 98
El-Alami, Dawoud 145
El-Eini, Roza 25
Eli 175
Elpeleg, Zvi 32
Emden 75
Enoch, Erwin 116, 126, 127
Enzer, Shmuel 159, 160
Epstein, Ludmila 14, 46, 47, 53, 54, 111, 166
Ettinger, Amos 159, 166, 167
Europa 179
Euxenia 155, 178
Evian-les-Bains 50, 171
Exodus 1947 11
F Feilchenfeld, Werner 73
Feingold, Henry L. 100
Feinstein, Josephine 141, 142, 145
Feisal, king of Iraq 26
Feiwel, Tosco R. 25
Feld, Eva 118
Ferramonti di Tarsia 137
Filderman, Wilhelm 160
Finkelstein, Albert 13, 162–164
Finkelstein, Sophie 164
Fiume 53, 83
Fiume 88
Flesch, Hermann 81, 176, 177
Flinker, David 121
Fraenkel, Josef 52, 112
France 17, 18, 21, 23, 50–52, 54, 57, 60, 61,
66, 71, 118, 132, 176
Franconia 129
Frankel, Jonathan 69, 102, 157
Frantz, Douglas 12, 141, 142, 145–147,
149–151
Fridman, Natán 121
Friedberg-Valureanu, Uli 142
Friedman, Isaiah 22, 23
Friedman, Saul S. 100
Friedmann, Ronald 12, 124, 125, 129
Friling, Tuvia 167
Frossoula (Frosula) 90, 177
G
Gabrea, Radu 151
Gajewski, Jan 61
Galante, Abraham 141
Galilee 28, 34, 41, 47, 48, 66
Galili, Moshe (Moshe Krivoshein) 52, 53,
81, 174, 175
Gaza 34
Gąsowski, Tomasz 15, 106, 107
Gebert, Konstanty 73, 98
Geff en, David 118
General Gouvernement (GG) 131
Geneva 57, 78, 158
Gensicke, Klaus 32, 98
Geppo 86, 88, 175
Geppo II 86, 176
Germany (also Th ird Reich) 10, 17, 21,
23, 28, 29, 34, 35, 49–53, 55, 56, 58, 63,
71–78, 82, 84, 85, 89, 98–102, 105, 106,
109–112, 115, 124–126, 131, 132, 134–
137, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 149,
151, 152, 154, 156–158, 160, 161, 165,
171, 172
Germany, Federal Republic of 147, 148
Gheorghiu, Serban 12, 141
Gibraltar, Strait of 75
Gilbert, Martin 20, 22, 28, 33, 34, 41, 65, 77,
78, 83, 90, 98, 99, 113, 114, 136, 167
Giles, Arthur F. 93
Ginsburg, Pino 66, 67, 76
Gitman, Max 61
Glazer, Eliyahu 53, 81, 86
213
Glubb, John Bagot 22, 34
Golan Heights 47
Goldman, Ron 151
Goldman, Solomon 69
Goldmann, Nahum 36
Goldscheider, Calvin 29
Golomb, Eliyahu 30, 45, 46, 66, 68, 78, 119,
157
Gort, John Standish Surtees Prendergast
Vereker 168
Great Britain 9–12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 21–26,
31, 32, 34–36, 40, 47, 49, 51, 56, 57, 61,
63, 64, 69, 73, 75, 77–79, 93, 94, 97–103,
109–111, 126, 128, 132, 135, 136, 143,
144, 150–155, 166–169, 171, 172
Greece 45, 48, 52, 53, 71, 76, 85, 92, 94, 116,
134, 140, 154, 158, 174–177
Greenberg, Izzy 151
Greenfi eld, Murray S. 9, 68
Grinbaum, I. 134
Grossmann, Kurt R. 42, 86, 179
Guiana, British 77, 114
Guirchoun, Henri 50
Gunther, Franklin M. 86, 92
Gutman, Yisrael 106, 157
Gvati, Chaim 20
H Habas, Bracha 11, 14, 38, 46, 74, 91, 121,
132, 134, 135, 137, 160, 166
Hacohen, David 135
Hadari, Ze’ev Venia 9, 65–68, 70, 94, 145,
157, 158, 167, 169
Hagana 10, 30, 31, 42, 45, 54, 57, 65–68, 70,
71, 78, 89, 101, 104, 107, 116, 118–121,
135, 157
Haifa 11, 34, 41, 52, 54, 85, 90, 91, 93, 98,
109, 110, 117, 118, 122, 123, 128, 129,
134, 135, 139
Hainarul 178
Haining, Robert Hadden 89
Ha’Kibbutz Ha’Meuhad (United Kibbutz)
44, 66, 67
Halamish, Aviva 9, 38, 65
Halbrainer, Heimo 133
Halifax, Edward 150
Hall, George 122
Haller, Paul 52, 81, 86, 175–177
Halpern, B. 30
Hamburg 51, 75
Hankey, Robert Maurice Alers 168
Hanna, Paul Lamont 25, 35
Ha’Oved Ha’Tziyoni (Zionist Worker) 68
Ha’Poel Ha’Mizrachi (Mizrachi Worker) 68
Ha’Shomer Ha’Tzair (Young Guard) 68
Hattis, Susan Lee 34, 35
Hauran 80
Hausner, Bernard 41, 58
Havana 51
Hedjaz 21, 26
Heft er, Jean 151
Hehalutz 44–46, 52, 58, 60, 66, 84, 85, 131,
174, 175
Heim, Susanne 101
Heller, Joseph 100
Herzl, Th eodor 18
Hilda 102, 110–112, 161, 178
Hillgruber, Andreas 35
Hirsch, Robert 116, 126, 127
Hirschmann, Ira Arthur 158, 160, 162
Hirsz, Gordon 61
Hirszowicz, Łukasz 35, 51, 72, 73
Histadrut 30, 31, 44, 66, 67, 79, 104, 107,
123, 157
Hitler, Adolf 28, 32, 34, 111, 133, 151, 156,
169
Hoare, Reginald Hervey 137
Hochstein, Joseph M. 9, 68
Holland 51, 54, 85, 177
Holon 129, 151
Hong Kong 77
Horev, Shai 11, 45, 111
Horowitz, Dan 25, 42, 101
Hoskins, Halford Lancaster 17
Hoter, E. 66
Houstoun-Boswall, William Evelyn 90, 168
Huneidi, Sahar 25
Hungary 29, 71, 76, 84, 85, 112, 124, 125,
135, 154, 156, 157, 165
Hurewitz, Jacob Coleman 21, 22, 24, 25, 30,
33, 36, 79, 152
Hussein ibn Ali 21, 26
214
Husseini, clan 32
Hyamson, Albert Montefi ore 25
I Igneada 162, 164
India 17, 33
Intergovernmental Committee on Political
Refugees 50
Iraklion 116, 117
Iran 71, 103, 105
Iraq 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 35, 39, 42, 98, 103–
105, 136, 168
Irgun Zvai Leumi (National Military Organization)
31, 47, 53, 57, 60, 100, 101,
107, 108, 120, 121
Istanbul 66, 71, 83, 101, 117, 135, 139, 140,
142, 144–146, 153, 155, 156, 158–160,
162, 164–166, 173
Italy 34, 45, 52, 53, 66, 71, 72, 85, 97, 98, 101,
106, 116, 122, 132, 133, 137, 174–177
Izmir 158
J Jabotinsky, Eri 53, 111
Jabotinsky, Vladimir 46, 47, 52, 57, 63, 89,
132
Jacobovici, Simcha 151
Jaff a 34, 41, 90
Jerusalem 11–13, 17, 18, 20, 28, 30, 34, 35,
67, 71, 84, 91, 93, 94, 98, 116, 152, 157,
158, 163
Jewish Agency 12, 24, 28, 31, 32, 40, 42,
44–46, 51, 58, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 78,
81, 82, 90, 100, 102, 104, 107, 108, 123,
124, 128, 129, 133, 135, 136, 140, 143,
149, 153, 155, 157–159, 162, 171
Jewish Brigade 97, 107, 124, 136
Johan de Witt 123
Jones, Philip 25
Jordan (river) 24, 26, 47, 150
Joseph, Bernard 25, 33, 92, 97
Judea 34, 42
K Kaduri, Ezra 103
Kahan, Marek (Meir) 58, 108
Kamenec, Ivan 75
Kamm, Josephine 19
Kaniuk, Yoram 65
Kárná, Margita 76
Kárný, Miroslav 76
Karthaus, Wolfgang 72
Katina 86, 87, 175
Katz, Ephraim 73
Katz, Mordechai 53
Katz, Shmuel 47
Katznelson, Berl 44, 46, 68, 78, 121
Katznelson, Josef 53
Kazbek 160, 161, 179
Kedourie, Elie 21, 22
Kemp, Danny 151
Kemper, Raimund 76
Kennedy, Joseph Patrick 35
Kenya 77
Keren Kayemet le’Israel (Jewish National
Fund) 19, 128
Kfar Giladi 104
Kfar Kama 48
Kimche, David 11, 14, 46, 71, 72, 86, 103,
105, 120, 162
Kimche, Jon 11, 14, 22, 46, 71, 72, 86, 103,
105, 120, 162
Kirk, George 26, 97, 99, 120, 144, 145
Kirkuk 42
Kitrón, Moshe 44, 78, 118, 134
Kladovo 10, 103, 131–134
Kleiber, Manfred 147
Klein, Hans 124
Klieman, Aaron S. 26, 30, 33
Klueger, Ruth, see Aliav, Ruth
Klugman, Aleksander 58, 60
Kochan, Lionel Edmond 166
Koen, Albert 165
Koestler, Arthur 22, 25, 120, 121, 144
Kollek, Amos 157
Kollek, Teddy (Th eodor) 157, 158
Konfi no, Baruch 82, 84, 102, 109, 139, 140,
176–178
Kook, Hillel 53
Kossoy, Edward 57, 58, 107, 108
Kosta 52, 174
Kovac, Erwin 116, 126, 127
215
Kovalev, Erik A. 148
Krakow 15
Kralitza Maria 176
Krammer, Arnold 166
Krasuski, Jerzy 72
Kraut, Alan M. 51, 100
Krotova 177
Krum, khan of Bulgaria 137
Kubiak, Krzysztof 145
Kula, Marcin 49
Kurnikowski, Zdzisław Kazimierz 42
LL
ampson, Miles 90
Land Transfers Regulations (1940) 98
Lapidot, Yehuda 47, 53, 54, 110
Laqueur, Walter 18, 22, 24, 28, 36, 78, 85,
142, 152, 157, 165
Las Perlas 177
Latvia 71, 90, 124, 125
Laub, Morris 156
Laufer, Erez 135
Lazar, Haim 47, 48, 53, 54
Lazar-Litai, Chaim 11, 52, 53, 85, 145
League of Nations 23, 24, 26, 31, 36, 40, 56,
79
Lebanon 10, 21, 23, 24, 34, 40, 47, 54, 71, 79,
80, 103, 104
Leibovici, Arthur, see Arsene, Maria
Lenczowski, George 17, 166
Lenk, Karl 116, 124, 127
Lenk, Rudolf S. 116
Levin, Dow 106
Levinthal, Louis 155
Levy, Joseph M. 162
Liberia 86
Libertad 178
Libya 122, 147
Liebman, M. 68
Liebreich, Fritz 9, 65, 79, 80
Liesel 86, 177
Lilienthal, Alfred M. 121
Lily 179
Limassol 116, 117
Linton, Joseph Ivor 155
Lipscher, Ladislav 75
Lisbon 158
Lissak, Moshe 25
Lithuania 90, 171
Lloyd, Th omas Ingram 122
Lloyd of Dolobran, George Ambrose 110,
112
Locker, Berl 153
Lodz 70
Lohamei Herut Israel (Lehi, Fighters for the
Freedom of Israel) 100, 101, 150
London 11–13, 19, 20, 35, 38, 50, 64, 93, 94,
111, 126–128, 143, 147, 151, 153, 167
London = Great Britain 10, 21–24, 26,
32–35, 37, 79, 94, 97–99, 101, 108, 111,
113–115, 122,136, 150–155, 168
London, Louise 77, 114
Loraine, Percy Lyham 109
Lothian, Philip Henry Kerr, Marquess of
122
Louis, William Roger 169
Luttwak, Edward Nicolae 42, 101
M
MacDonald, James Ramsay 24, 33, 35
MacDonald, Malcolm 35, 81, 89, 94, 99,
111, 113
MacMichael, Harold 36, 91, 99, 136, 143,
149–151, 153
Madagascar 57, 115
Mafdal (National Religious Party) 68
Maga, Timothy P. 162
Mahmud, Pasha Mohammed 94
Malaya 77, 151
Mandel, Neville J. 20
Mann, Peggy 14, 91, 134
Manning, Olivia 149
Manoschek, Walter 131–134
Mapai (Mifl eget Poalei Eretz Israel, Party of
the Workers of the Land of Israel) 31,
44, 46, 68, 78, 120
Mapam (Mifl eget Ha’Poalim Ha’Meuhedet,
United Workers’ Party) 68
Marcus, Ernst 73
Mardor, Munya M. 14, 38, 103, 119, 121
Marica 160, 179
Marlowe, John 25
216
Marmara, Sea of 10, 84, 139
Marrus, Michael R. 137
Marseilles 46, 54
Marsis 90, 177
Maurer, Ion Gheorghe 151
Mauritius 10, 12, 13, 103, 115, 118, 121–
130, 135, 144, 150, 155
McMahon, Henry 21, 26
Mecca 21
Medding, Peter Y. 31
Medina 21
Mediterranean Sea 45, 46, 53, 85, 91, 92,
101, 133
Mefk ura 12, 13, 148, 160–164, 179
Meir, Golda 71, 72, 120, 132, 160
Meir-Glitzenstein, Esther 103–105
Meirov, Gur 66
Meirov, Shaul, see Avigur, Shaul
Mejcher, Helmut 25, 35
Melzer, Emanuel 55, 56
Mendelsohn, Ezra 12, 56, 156
Meniker, Vadim 29
Merkaz le’Aliyah (Centre for Aliyah) 53, 54
Mexico 86, 150
Michael II, king of Romania 165
Michaelis, Dolf 73
Mihai 155, 178
Milka 160, 179
Miller, Scott 51
Miller, Ylana N. 25
Milos 76, 87, 115, 116, 118, 161, 178
Milotová, Jaroslava 76
Mińsk Mazowiecki 56
Mircea 155, 179
Mishmar Ha’Yarden 47
Mizrachi (Spiritual Centre) 44, 68, 176
Mohammed 21
Mokrzycki, Bronisław 107
Momtchiloff , Nicolas 141
Monroe, Elizabeth 22
Montefi ore, Moses 19
Moravia 128
Morgan Witts, Max 51
Morina 160, 161, 164, 179
Morris, Benny 33
Moscow 148, 164
Moscow = Soviet Union 105, 149, 166–168
Moser, Jonny 74
Mossad le’Aliyah Bet 10, 14, 65–71, 74–76,
78, 84–86, 90, 102, 104, 105, 110, 131,
132, 134, 135, 156–162, 166, 167, 172,
176–179
Mossek, Moshe 28
Mossek, Nissim 139
Moyne, Walter Edward Guinness, Lord 99,
136, 150, 153
Mussolini, Benito 34
Müller, Heinrich 76
N
Nahariya 70, 129
Nameri, David 66, 69, 103
Namier, Lewis (Ludwik Bernsztajn-Niemirowski)
122, 143
Naomi Julia 54, 86, 178
Naor, Mordechai 11, 14, 46, 47, 53, 65, 69,
81, 85, 90, 92, 95, 101, 104, 105, 120, 145,
149, 161, 162, 166, 174–177, 179
Nashashibi, clan 32
Naval Contraband Control Service 109, 111
Nedava, Joseph 47
Negev 34, 157
Netanya 70
Neumann, Emmanuel 144
Nevakivi, Jukka 22
Nevo, Joseph 34
New York 11–13, 121, 145, 150, 158
New Zealand 150
New Zionist Organization 31, 46, 52, 63, 74,
85, 107
Nicosia, Francis R. 35, 73–75
Nieuw Zeeland 123
Niko 177
Nili 46
Nitsanim 70
Nordia 46
Norton, Cliff ord 63
Nurock, Mordechai 45
OO
dessa 47
Ofer, Dalia 11, 15, 44, 48, 53, 54, 58, 65, 69,
75, 76, 79, 84, 90, 101, 102, 110, 111, 120,
217
131, 133–135, 137, 139, 142, 145, 149,
154, 156–159, 161–163, 166, 174–177,
179
Ofi r, Efraim 12, 141, 145, 147–150, 159
Ogilvie, Sarah A. 51
Osiris (Syros) 177
Ostrowski, Vladek 163
Ovendale, Ritchie 33
Ozer, Ayhan 141–143, 145, 162
P Pacifi c
76, 87, 115, 116, 118, 161, 178
Paetz, Andreas 30
Palestine passim
Palestine Citizenship Act (1925) 40
Palestine Immigration Ordinance (1939) 93
Palestine Rescue Committee 162
Palestine Royal Commission (Lord Peel’s
Royal Commission) 33, 35, 41, 51
Palmach 66, 70, 101
Palyam 70
Panagia Conasterio 176
Panama 86, 92, 116, 132, 142, 144
Pandelis, Jean 142, 159, 166
Pankowicz, Andrzej 34, 57
Paris 53, 55, 61, 65, 71
Paris = France 22
Parita 54, 86, 87, 177
Partition Commission (1938) 35
Passfi eld, Sidney Webb, Lord 33
Patai, Raphael 145, 162
Patek, Artur 15, 44, 55, 60, 91, 92, 118, 124,
126, 135, 141, 147, 151, 152, 156, 161,
162, 169
Patria 12, 54, 118–122, 124, 136, 141, 151,
154
Pearlman, Moshe 151
Pearse, Richard 104
Peel, William Robert Wellesley, Earl of 33,
51
Pencho 137–139, 178
Penkower, Monty Noam 97, 158, 160
Perl, Wilhelm R. 14, 52, 81, 82, 86, 88, 90,
111, 116, 118, 134, 137, 145, 175–177,
179
Petah Tikva 20
Peters, Joan 80
Peterson, Maurice 168
Pickett, Winston 129
Picot, Georges 21
Pilarczyk, Krzysztof 44
Pinkus, Benjamin 139, 166
Pinner, Ludwig 73
Pińsk 57, 59, 60
Piraeus 52, 53, 83, 90
Pitot, Geneviève 12, 124–127, 129, 130
Poland 10, 28, 29, 40, 41, 44–48, 53, 55–64,
67, 70, 71, 75, 84–86, 89, 90, 105–107,
112, 115, 124–126, 131, 135, 136, 156,
165, 171, 172
Pomerantz, Venia, see Hadari, Ze’ev Venia
Porat, Dina 157, 159
Port Louis 123
Portugal 77
Poseidon 174
Prague 76, 81
Price, Coverley 85
Prinz, Arthur 74
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 75,
131, 137
Przytyk 56
Pułaski, Michał 15, 34, 57
Q
Quirini-Popławska, Danuta 56, 156
RR
abinovich, Abraham 67
Raczyński, Edward 64, 93
Raizel, M. 149
Randall, Alec Walter George 63, 143, 144
Red Sea 123
Reich, Bernard 151, 152
Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland
(National Representative Council of Jews
in Germany) 74
Reinharz, Jehuda 30, 31
Rembertów 57
Rendel, George William 108, 139, 140
Resel, Moshe 162
Resnik, Reuben B. 13, 162
218
Revisionists (Zionists-Revisionists) 10, 11,
14, 31, 44, 46–48, 52, 53, 55, 57–60, 63,
64, 68, 73, 76, 81, 84–86, 88, 90, 102,
110, 111, 137, 142, 157, 159, 161, 172,
174–178
Reynolds, Quentin 73
Rhodes 54, 88, 137, 139
Rhodesia, Southern 77, 78
Rihaniya 48
Rim 88, 177
Rishon le-Zion 20
Rives, Childs James 42, 79
Rodimatsav, A.G. 148
Rohwer, Jürgen 12, 148, 149, 160, 164, 165
Romania 29, 40, 45, 47, 54, 55, 58, 60, 67,
69, 71, 76, 85, 86, 89, 90, 92, 103, 108,
112, 115,124, 125, 131–133, 136, 137,
142–144, 147, 151, 154–156, 159, 160,
163, 165-167, 171, 172, 175–179
Rome 71
Ronald, N.S. 132
Roosevelt, Eleanor 150
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 50, 51, 158
Rose, Norman 31, 115
Rosenberg, Stuart 51
Rosenkranz, Herbert 53, 74
Rosh Pina 20, 47, 104
Rothschild, Edmond de 19
Rothschild, Walter 22
Rozin, Yitzhak 53
Rubin, Barry 22, 24, 36, 152, 160
Rubinstein, Shimon 12, 13, 141, 143, 147
Rudnitchar 84, 87, 109–112, 140, 177, 178
Rupnow, Dirk 73
Ruse 167
Russia 17–21, 38, 45, 67
S
Sachar, Howard Morley 20, 22, 27, 30, 40,
74, 100, 139, 145
Sacher, Harry 126
Safran, David 141
Sagi, Nana 53, 65, 85, 105, 145
Sajmište 134
Sakarya (river) 110
Sakarya (town) 110
Sakarya 110–112, 161, 178
Salah-a-din 166, 179
Salamovici, Medea 143
Salvador 10, 84, 137, 139–141, 154, 155, 178
Samaria 34
Samuel, Edwin 45
Samuel, Herbert Louis 25
San Francisco 121
San Remo 23
Sander-Steckl, Ruth 116, 123
Sanders, Ronald 22, 40, 51, 120
Sandu 89, 176
Sarafand 91, 176
Sarner, Harvey 106–108
Saudi Arabia 35
Sava 133
Săveanu, Simion 147, 150
Schaary, David 155, 156
Schechtman, Joseph B. 32, 47, 98, 166
Schmid, Kurt 74
Schrager-Costin, Mircea 162
Schwadran, Benjamin 17
Segev, Tom 25
Sereni, Enzo 103, 167
Sevastopol 129
Shafi r, Gershon 20
Shamil 47
Shamir, Yitzhak 100
Shanghai 86
Shapira, Anita 11
Shapiro, Sraya 70
Shapiro, Yonathan 31
Sharett, Moshe, see Shertok, Moshe
Shavit, Yaacov 31, 53, 57, 85
Shaw, Stanford J. 157, 158
Shealtiel, Shlomo 84, 139, 140
Sheff er, Gabriel 36
Shelah, Menachem 72, 134
Shepherd, Naomi 25
Sherman, Ari Joshua 77
Shertok, Moshe 66, 68, 69, 78, 79, 107, 119,
133
Shillitoe, J.B. 110
Shind, Ze’ev 45, 66, 135, 157
Shlaim, Avi 34
Shuckburgh, John 74, 89
219
Siberia 107
Siemaszko, Zbigniew S. 106
Silverstone, Paul H. 58, 85, 87, 135, 139,
142, 156, 161, 162, 174, 175, 177–179
Sjöberg, Tommie 50
Sloame, Joanna 129
Slovakia 74–76, 84, 108, 131, 137, 138, 157,
165, 178
Slutsky, Yehuda 30, 42
Smyrni 167
Sofi a 82, 108, 139, 140, 167
Sofi a = Bulgaria 140, 167
Solel Boneh 104
Solomon, Michael 142, 150
Soshuk, Levi 104
South Africa (Union of South Africa) 19,
49, 127, 128
South African Jewish Board of Deputies 129
Soviet Union (USSR) 29, 65, 98, 105–107,
124, 125, 148, 149, 165–168
Special Operations Executive (SOE) 135
Sprinzak, Yosef 79
Sroka, Stanisław 15
St. John, Robert 31
St. Louis 51
Stalin, Joseph V. 149
Stalingrad 103, 156
Stara Zagora 167
Stavsky, Abraham 53, 177
Steger, Christian 55, 91
Stein, Kenneth 28
Stein, Leonard 18, 22
Steinberg, Sigfrid Henry 123
Steiner, Erich Gershon 12, 118
Steinhardt, Laurence A. 158, 160
Stern, Abraham 100
Stern group 100, 151
Sternklar, S.A. 155
Stettinius, Edward Reilly 157
Stewart, Ninian 9, 68
Stockholm 158
Stoian, Mihai 12, 141, 147, 161, 162
Stoliar, David 145, 147, 148, 151
Storfer, Berthold 76, 77, 115, 131, 178
Strauss, Herbert A. 49
Streibel, Robert 74
Struma 10–13, 87, 141–155, 159, 161, 178
Suez 129, 168
Suez Canal 17, 18, 26, 98, 123
Sulina 54, 117, 131–133, 135
Sušak 72
Sykes, Christopher 34, 42, 144
Sykes, Mark 21
Syria 10, 17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 40, 41, 47, 52, 71,
79, 80, 94, 103–105
Syrkin, Marie 37
Sweden 60
Switzerland 18
Szczepański, Władysław 28
Szenes, Hannah 167
Szimanowski, Sladec 163
Szulc, Tad 66, 77, 134, 158, 167
Szyndler, Artur 76
Š
Šabac 133–135
T Tabenkin, Yitzhak 44, 66, 67, 78
Tartakower, Arieh 42, 86, 179
Tauber, Eliezer 21
Taurus 9, 161, 166, 179
Taylor, Alan R. 20, 23, 31, 65, 152
Tel Aviv 11, 12, 15, 34, 45, 48, 54, 58, 60, 67,
70, 73, 84, 91, 98
Tel Hai 121
Teveth, Shabtai 32, 78, 118
Th omas, Gordon 9, 51
Th omas, Ireneusz E. 156
Tiberias Lake 47
Tiger Hill 86, 87, 90, 91, 97, 178
Tobruk 135
Todorov, Tzvetan 165
Tomaszewski, Jerzy 20, 28, 55, 56, 75, 87
Torr, Guy Russell 15
Tours 61
Trachtenberg, Yesheyahu (Shaike Dan) 166,
167
Transjordan 26, 32–35, 41, 47, 71, 79, 80,
104
Transnistria 160
Trevor, Daphne 98, 155
220
Trinidad 115
Tripoli 177
Troper, Harold 100
Trumpeldor, Josef 25, 121
Trust and Transfer Offi ce Haavara Ltd. 73
Tsahor (Tzahor), Ze’ev 9, 12, 167
Tulcea 83, 115
Tunisia 40
Turan, Kazim 163
Turkey 17, 18, 21, 23, 26, 29, 38, 47, 66, 92,
101, 105, 110, 112, 124, 125, 135, 139,
142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 153–155,
157, 158, 161, 164–168
Turnbull, Roland E. 155
U
Udelson, Joseph H. 20
Uganda 19
Union 48, 174
United Nations (UN) 121
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration (UNRRA) 130
United States 12, 19, 28, 49–51, 56, 65, 66,
69, 77, 82, 91, 100, 118, 121–123, 147,
150–152, 158, 160, 163
Urbański, Krzysztof 159
Uruguay 139
V Vaad Leumi (
National Council) 30, 123,
149
Vaneev, Gennady I. 148
Vanfel, Hans 119
Varna 46, 83, 89, 109, 135, 137, 139, 160
Velos 9, 45, 46, 60, 87, 174
Vienna 10, 52, 53, 71, 73, 76, 81, 83, 109,
131, 134, 158
Vitorul 154, 155, 179
Vlissingen 83, 85
Volynia 57, 108
W Wachsman, Goldie 53
Wadsworth, George 28, 64, 88–90, 93, 110,
122, 123
Wagner, Jan 63
Walaszek, Adam 124
War Refugee Board 158, 160
Warsaw 13, 48, 57–61, 63, 64, 71
Warsaw = Poland 56, 63, 64
Washington 82, 122, 150
Washington = United States 50, 51
Wasserstein, Bernard 25, 92, 97, 99, 110,
111, 113, 116, 122, 123, 139
Wasserstein, David 48
Waterlow, Sydney 94
Wauchope, Arthur 94
Wavell, Archibald 99, 122
Wedgwood, Josiah Clement 150
Weinbaum, Laurence 55–58, 60–62, 64
Weiner, Hannah 131, 133, 134
Weisgal, Meyer Wolfe 31
Weisl, Wolfgang von 52, 53, 112
Weiss, Karin 30
Weizmann, Chaim 23, 24, 26, 31, 33, 36, 38,
49, 79, 113, 115, 118, 122, 126
Węc, Janusz Józef 15
White Paper
Churchill’s (1922) 25
Passfi eld’s (1930) 33, 36
MacDonald’s (1939) 35, 36, 38, 69, 79,
81, 82, 97–99, 101, 102, 111, 114, 120,
128, 143, 152–154
Wiesel, Elie 149
Wight, Martin 24
Wigoder, Geoff rey 37, 65, 105, 145
Willaume, Małgorzata 165
Williams, Timothy 15
Wilson, Mary Christina 26
Wilson, Woodrow 23
Wingate, Orde Charles 42
Wischnitzer, Mark 27, 49, 83, 139, 145, 162
Wolf, Szymon 50
Woodhead, John 35
World Jewish Congress 128
Wyman, David S. 100, 143, 150, 158, 160,
162
Y Yaakobi, Shlomo 53
Yahil, Leni 13, 112
Yalta 129
Yehieli, Zvi 66
Yemen 29, 35
Yetkin, Çetin 12, 141
Yugoslavia 72, 85, 86, 102, 109, 131–134,
137, 140, 175, 176
ZZ
alewska, Gabriela 57
Zameret, Shmarya 66, 67
Zamorski, Kazimierz 106–108, 166
Zangwill, Israel 20
Zasloff , Jonathan Jermiah 142
Zbąszyń 85
Zeevi, M. 45
Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung
(Central Offi ce for Jewish Emigration)
10, 73–76, 81, 109, 111, 115, 134
Zertal, Idith 9, 38, 65–67, 71
Ziemiński, Jan, see Wagner, Jan
Ziff er, Heinz 158
Zionist Association in Mauritius 128
Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland
128
Zionist Organization (later the World Zionist
Organization) 18, 28, 31, 44, 68, 71,
128
Zionist Organization of America 69
Zissu, Abraham Leib 159
Zofi ówka 57
Zucker, Norman L. 51
Zucker, Naomi Flink 51
Zuroff , Efraim 157
Zvielli, Alexander 107, 149
Zweig, Ronald W. 98, 135, 143, 144, 153,
155
Zwergbaum, Aaron 12, 89, 116, 117, 124–
130
ŻŻ
aroń, Piotr 105
Żebrowski, Rafał 56
Żyborski, Wacław 59, 61
TECHNICAL EDITOR
Jadwiga Makowiec
PROOFREADER
Monika Zapała
TYPESETTER
Katarzyna Mróz-Jaskuła
Jagiellonian University Press
Editorial Offi ces: Michałowskiego St. 9/2, 31-126 Krakow
Phone: +48 12 631 18 81, +48 12 631 18 82, Fax: +48 12 631 18 83
www.wuj.pl
The term Aliyah Bet refers to illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine in the period of
the British Mandate for Palestine; it constituted one of the most effective methods
of struggle of the Zionist movement for the sovereign state of Israel. Its history is
marked, on the one hand, by clandestine activities and spectacular operations, and
on the other, by dramatic events (catastrophes of sea liners carrying immigrants,
deportations of refugees). The book discusses events without which one cannot
understand the contemporary Israel.
JAGIELLONIAN