Chronology: Anti-Semitism and Persecution of Jews From Ancient times

Chronology: Anti-Semitism and Persecution of Jews

From Ancient times

	3rd cent. B.C.E.	Manetho, Greco-Egyptian historian, says Jews were expelled from Egypt as lepers.
	38 B.C.E.	Anti-Jewish riots in Alexandria (Egypt): many Jews were killed, and all the Jews were confined to one quarter of the city.
	19 C.E.	Emperor Tiberius expels the Jews from Rome and Italy.
	66	Massacre of the Jews of Alexandria (Egypt) in which 50,000 were killed.
	1st cent. C.E.	Apion of Alexandria surpasses other Hellenistic anti-Semites in the crudeness of his fabrications.
	200	Tertullian, Church Father, writes his anti-Jewish polemic in Latin Adversus Judaeos.
	325	After the ecumenical council of Nicaea, the Christian Church formulates its policy toward the Jews: the Jews must continue to exist for the sake of Christianity in seclusion and humiliation.
	386-387	John Chrysostom, Church Father in the East, violently anti-Jewish, delivers eight sermons in Antioch.
	438	Theodosius II, Roman emperor of the East, legalizes the civil inferiority of the Jews.
	468	Persecutions of the Jews in Persia (Babylonia).
	c. 470	Jews persecuted in Persia (Babylonia) by Firuz, the exilarch, and many Jews killed and their children given to Mazdeans.
	535-553	Emperor Justinian I issues his novellae to Corpus Juris Civilis expressing his anti-Jewish policy.
	612	Visigothic king Sisebut of Spain inaugurates a policy of forcible conversion of all Jews in the kingdom.
	624-628	Jewish tribes of Hejaz (Arabia) destroyed by Muhammad.
	628	Dagobert I expels Jews from Frankish kingdom.
	632	Heraclius, Byzantine emperor, decrees forced baptism of all Jews in the Byzantine empire.
	632	Official Church doctrine on conversion of Jews in Spain formulated.
	638	Visigothic king Chintila compels the sixth council of Toledo to adopt resolution proclaiming that only Catholics may reside in the kingdom of Spain. Jews are expelled.
	694-711	All Jews under Visigothic rule in Spain declared slaves, their possessions confiscated and the Jewish religion outlawed.
	717-20	Caliph Omar II introduces series of discriminatory regulations against the dhimmi, the protected Christians and Jews, among them the wearing of a special garb.
	1009-13	Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim in Eretz Israel issues severe restrictions against Jews.
	1012	Emperor Henry II of Germany expels Jews from Mainz, the beginning of persecutions against Jews in Germany.
	1096-99	First Crusades. Crusaders massacre the Jews of the Rhineland (1096).
	1144	Blood libel at Norwich (England); first record, blood libel - Martyrdom of St. William of Norwich related in the Anglo-Saxon chronicle.
	1146	Anti-Jewish riots in Rhineland by the Crusaders of the second Crusades.
	1147	Beginning of the brutal persecution of the Jews of North Africa under the Almohads, lasted until 1212.
	1182	King Philip Augustus of France decrees the expulsion of the Jews from his kingdom and the confiscation of their real estate.
	1190	Anti-Jewish riots in England: massacre at York, and other cities.
	1215	Fourth Lateran Council introduces the Jewish Badge.
	1235	Blood libel  at Fulda, Germany.
	1236	Severe anti-Jewish persecutions in western France.
	1240	Disputation of Paris which led to the burning of the Talmud.
	1242	Burning of the Talmud at Paris.
	1255	Blood libel  at Lincoln, England.
	1263	Disputation of Barcelona.
	1290	Expulsion of the Jews from England, the first of the great general expulsions of the Middle Ages.
	1298-99	Rindfleisch Massacres -Massacre of thousands of Jews in 146 localities in southern and central  Germany led by the German knight Rindfleisch.
	1306	Expulsion of Jews from France.
	1306-20	Pastoureaux ("Shepherds"), participants of the second Crusade in France against the Muslims in Spain, attack the Jews of 120 localities in southwest France.
	1321	Persecutions against Jews in central France in consequence of a false charge of their supposed collusion with the lepers.
	1321-22	Expulsion from the kingdom of France.
	1336-39	Persecutions against Jews in Franconia and Alsace led by lawless German bands, theArmleder.
	1348-50	Black Death Massacres which spread throughout Spain, France, Germany and Austria, as a result of accusations that the Jews had caused the death of Christians by poisoning the wells and other water sources.
	1389	Massacre of the Prague (Bohemia) community.
	1391	Wave of massacres and conversions in Spain and Balearic Islands.
	1394	Expulsion from the kingdom of France.
	1399	Blood libel  in Poznan.
	1411-12	Oppressive legislation against Jews in Spain as an outcome of the preaching of the Dominican friar Vicente Ferrer.
	1413-14	Disputation of Tortosa (Spain). The most important and longest of the Christian-Jewish disputations the consequence of which was mass conversions and intensified persecutions.
	1421	Persecutions of Jews in Vienna and its environs, confiscation of their possessions, and conversion of Jewish children, 270 Jews burnt at stake, known as the Wiener Gesera(Vienna Edict). Expulsion of Jews from Austria.
	1435	Massacre and conversion of the Jews of Majorca.
	1438	Establishment of mellahs (ghettos) in Morocco.
	1452-3	John of Capistrano, Italian Franciscan friar, incites persecutions and expulsions of Jews from cities in Germany.
	1473	Marranos  (Marranos are converted Jews who supposedly maintained their Judaism in secret - the word is a disparaging term)  of Valladolid and Cordoba, in Spain massacred.
	1474	Marranos of Segovia, Spain, massacred.
	1480	Inquisition established in Spain.
	1483	Torquemada appointed inquisitor general of Spanish Inquisition. Expulsion of Jews from Warsaw.
	1490-91	Blood libel  in La Guardia, town in Spain, where the alleged victim (Christopher of Toledo)  became revered as a saint.
	1492	Expulsion from Spain.
	1492-93	Expulsion from Sicily.
	1495	Expulsion from Lithuania.
	1496-97	Expulsion from Portugal: mass forced conversion.
	1506	Lisbon Massacre - Massacre of Marranos  in Lisbon.
	1510	Expulsion of Jews from Brandenburg (Germany).
1516	Venice initiates the ghetto, the first in Christian Europe.
1531	Inquisition established in Portugal.
1535	Jews of Tunisia expelled and massacred.
1541	Expulsion from the kingdom of Naples. Expulsion from Prague and crown cities.
1544	Martin Luther, German religious reformer, attacks the Jews with extreme virulence.
1550	Expulsion from Genoa (Italy).
1551	Expulsion from Bavaria.
1553	Burning of the Talmud in Rome.
1554	Censorship of Hebrew books introduced in Italy.
1555	Bull Cum Nimis Absurdum established the ghetto in Rome
1556	Burning of Marranos at Ancona, Italy.
1567	Expulsion from the republic of Genoa (Italy).
1569, 1593	Expulsion from the Papal States (Italy).
1614	Vincent Fettmilch, anti-Jewish guild leader in Frankfort, Germany, and his followers attack the Jews of Frankfurt and forces them to leave the City.
1624	Ghetto established at Ferrara (Italy).
1648-49	Massacres initiated by Bogdan Chmielnicki, leader of the Cossacks, and peasant uprising against Polish rule in the Ukraine, in which 100,000 Jews were killed and 300 communities destroyed.
	1650	Jews of Tunisia confined to special quarters (Hדra).
	1655-56	Massacres of Jews during the wars of Poland against Sweden and Russia.
	1670	Expulsion from Vienna: Blood libel at Metz (France).
	1711	Johann Andreas Eisenmenger writes his Entdecktes Judenthum ("Judaism Unmasked"), a work denouncing Judaism and which had a formative influence on modern anti-Semitic polemics.
	1712	Blood libel in Sandomierz (Poland) after which the Jews of the town were expelled.
	1715	Pope Pius VI issues a severe "Edict concerning the Jews," in which he renews all former restrictions against them.
	1734-36	Haidamacks, paramilitary bands in Polish Ukraine, attack Jews.
	1745	Expulsion from Prague.
	1768	Haidamacks massacre the Jews of Uman (Poland) together with  Jews from other places who had sought refuge there.
	1788	Haidamacks massacre the Jews of Uman (Poland): 20,000 Jews and Poles killed.
	1790-92	Destruction of most of the Jewish communities of Morocco.
	1791	Pale of Settlements-twenty-five provinces of Czarist Russia established, where Jews permitted permanent residence: Jews forbidden to settle elsewhere in Russia.
	1805	Massacre of Jews in Algeria.
	1819	A series of anti-Jewish riots in Germany that spread to several neighboring countries (Denmark, Poland, Latvia and Bohemia) known as Hep_Hep Riots, from the derogatory rallying cry against the Jews in Germany. (HEP = 'Hierosolymos Est Perdita' - Jerusalem is lost, apparently first used in the Middle Ages in riots associated with the crusades.)
	1827	Compulsory military service for the Jews of Russia: Jewish minors under 18 years of age, known as "Cantonists," placed in preparatory military training establishments.
	1835	Oppressive constitution for the Jews in Russia issued by Czar Nicholas 1.
	1840	Blood libel in Damascus (The Damascus Affair). Blood libel in Rhodes
	1853	Blood libel in Saratov (Russia), bringing a renewal of the blood libel throughout Russia.
	1858	Abduction of a 7-year-old Jewish child, Edgard Mortara, in Bologna by Catholic conversionists (Mortara Case), an episode which aroused universal indignation in liberal circles.
	1878	Adolf Stoecker, German anti-Semitic preacher and politician, founds the Social Workers' Party, which marks the beginning of the political anti-Semitic movement in Germany.
	1879	Heinrich von Treitschke, German historian and politician, justifies the anti-Semitic campaigns in Germany, bringing anti-Semitism into learned circles.
	1879	Wilhelm Marr, German agitator, coins the term anti-Semitism.
	1881-84	Pogroms sweep southern Russia, beginning of mass Jewish emigration.
	1882	Blood libel in Tiszaeszlar, Hungary, which aroused public opinion throughout Europe.
	1882	First International Anti-Jewish Congress convened at Dresden, Germany.
	1882	A series of "temporary laws" confirmed by Czar Alexander III of Russia in May, 1882 ("May Laws"), which adopted a systematic policy of discrimination, with the object of removing the Jews from their economic and public positions.
	1885	Expulsion of about 10,000 Russian Jews, refugees of 1881-1884 pogroms, from Germany.
	1891	Blood libel in Xanten, Germany.
	1891	Expulsion from Moscow, Russia.
	1893	Karl Lueger establishes in Vienna the anti-Semitic Christian Social Party and becomes mayor in 1897.
	1894	Dreyfus Affair - Alfred Dreyfus trial in Paris..
	1895	Alexander C. Cuza organizes the Alliance Anti-semitique Universelle in Bucharest, Rumania.
	1899	Houston Stewart Chamberlain, racist and anti-Semitic author, publishes his Die Grundlagen des 19 Jahrhunderts which became a basis of National-Socialist ideology.
	1899	Blood libel in Bohemia (the Hilsner case).
	1903	Kishinev Pogrom
	1905	Russian Pogroms - 1905 - Pogroms in the Ukraine and Bessarabia, perpetrated in 64 towns (most serious in Odessa with over 300 dead and thousands wounded).
	1905	First Russian public edition of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion appears.
	1906	Pogroms In Bialystok and Siedlce, Russia.
	1909-10	Polish boycott against Jews.
	1911-13	Menahem Mendel Beilis, blood libel trial at Kiev.
	1912	Pogroms in Fez (Morocco).
	1915	Ku Klux Klan, racist organization in the U.S., refounded.
	1917-21	Russian Civil War Pogroms - Pogroms in the Ukraine and Poland. 1) Pogroms by retreating Red Army from the Ukraine (spring, 1918), before the German army. 2) Pogroms by the retreating Ukraine army under the command of Simon Petlyura,. 3)Pogroms by the counter revolutionary "White Army" under the command of General A.I. Denikin (fall, 1919) 4) Pogroms by the "White Army" in Siberia and Mongolia (1919). 5) Pogroms by anti-Soviet bands in the Ukraine (1920-21). 6) Pogroms in Poland including Galicia and Warsaw.  Some 50,000- 200,000 Jews in all are killed in this period.
	1919	Abolition of community organization and non-Communist Jewish institutions in Soviet Russia.
	1919	Pogroms in Hungary: c. 3,000 Jews killed.
	1920	Adolf Hitler becomes Fuehrer, of the National-Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), (NAZIs)
	1920	Henry Ford I begins a series of anti-Semitic articles based on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, in his Dearbon Independent.
	1924	Economic restrictions on Jews in Poland.
	1925-27	Adolf Hitier's Mein Kampf appears.
	1933	Adolf Hitler appointed chancellor of Germany. Anti-Jewish economic boycott: first concentration camps (Dachau, Oranienburg, Esterwegen and Sachsenburg).
	1935	Nuremberg Laws introduced.
	1937	Anti-Semitic legislation in Rumania.
	1937	Discrimination against Jews in Polish universities.
	1938	After Anschluss, pogroms in Vienna, anti-Jewish legislation introduced: deportations to camps in Austria and Germany.
	1938	Charles E. Coughlin, Roman Catholic priest, starts anti-Semitic weekly radio broadcasts in U.S.
	1938	July 6-16, Evian Conference on Jewish refugees at Evian les Bains verifies that the world has shut its doors against Jewish refugees.
	1938	Kristallnacht Nazi anti-Jewish outrage in Germany and Austria (Nov. 9-10, 1938): Jewish businesses attacked, synagogues burnt, Jews sent to concentration camps.
	1938	Racial legislation introduced in Italy (Nov. 17, 1938). Anti Jewish economic legislation in Hungary.
	1939	Anti-Jewish laws introduced in the Protectorate (Czechoslovakia).
	1939	Outbreak of World War 11 (Sept. 1, 1939), Poland overrun by German army: pogroms in Poland; beginning of the Holocaust.
	1940	Nazi Germany introduces gassing.
	1940	Formation of ghettos in Poland: mass shootings of Jews: Auschwitz camp, later an extermination camp, established; Western European Jews under Nazis. Belzec extermination camp established.
	1940	Algerian administration applies social laws of Vichy.
	1941	Germany invades Russia and the Baltic states. Majdanek extermination camp established. Chelmno and Treblinka extermination camps established. Anti-Jewish laws in Slovakia.Pogroms in Jassy (Iasi), Rumania. Pogroms and massacres by the Einsatzgruppen and native population in Baltic states and the part of Russia occupied by Germany. Expulsions of Jews from the German Reich to Poland. Beginning of deportation and murder of Jews in France.
1941	Farhud - Pogrom against Jews in Iraq in consequence of Rashid Ali al-Jilani's coup d'יtat. Nazi Germany introduces gassing in extermination camps .Babi Yar massacre.
1942	Wannsee Conference - Conference in Wannsee, Berlin, to carry out the "Final Solution" (Jan. 20, 1942). Beginning of mass transports of Jews of Belgium and Holland to Auschwitz. Massacres in occupied Russia continue. Death camps of Auschwitz, Majdanek and Treblinka begin to function at full capacity: transports from ghettos to death camps. Sobibor extermination camp established.
1943	Germany declared Judenrein. Transports of Jews from all over Europe to death camps.Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and final liquidation of the Warsaw ghetto (May 16, 1943). Annihilation of most of the ghettos. Transport of Italian Jews to death camps.
1944	Extermination of Hungarian Jewry.
1945	Germany surrenders (May 8, 1945) estimated Jewish victims in the Holocaust 5,820,960.
1946	Pogromsat Kielce , Poland, 42 Jews murdered and many wounded (July 4, 1946).
1948	Jewish culture in U.S.S.R. suppressed and Jewish intellectuals shot.
1948	Pogroms in Libya and elsewhere in the Arab world.
1952	Prague Trials (Slonsk‎): Murder of Yiddish intellectuals in Russia and many Jews disappear or sent to work camps.
1953	Accusation of "Doctors' plot" in the U.S.S.R., cancelled with Stalin's death.
1954-6	Jews of Egypt expelled.
1961	Mustapha Tlass, Defense Minister of Syria, publishes a history of the Damascus blood libelwhich claims that Jews actually do murder Christian children.
1967	Arabic version of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion published in Egypt.
1968	Fresh wave of anti-Semitism in Poland; emigration of most of the remaining Jews of Poland.
1969	Jews executed in Iraq.
1970	Leningrad, and other trials of Soviet Jews, who agitate for right to emigrate.
2005	Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of Iran, claims that the Holocaust was a myth or exaggerated, vows to achieve a "world without Zionism and Israel."